underwater_const_syts

Underwater construction 2023

Publisher: Parker hydraulics Parker is a reputed manufacturer of hydraulic and pneumatic systems. This document provides various formulas, equations, and conversion tables that can be used to engineer the systems mentioned above.

Publisher: Jun Yu, Hai-tao Li, Zhen-xin Sheng, et al. In this study, the cavitation effect induced by two charges in underwater explosions near free surfaces is numerical researched by two dimensional compressible multi-phase fluids based on a four-equation system with a phase transition model. The occurrence of the generation, development, and collapse of cavitation in two-charge underwater explosions near free surfaces can be captured directly. The detailed density,pressure, and vapor volume fraction contours during the interaction process are obtained and can better reveal the characteristic underlying the cavitation, free surface, and explosion bubbles.

Publisher: Mao Zhi-yuan, Duan Chao-wei, Hu Hong-wei, Feng Hai-yun, Song Pu This paper summarizes the typical experiments of underwater explosion power evaluation, discusses the power characterization methods involved in the tests, and focuses on the explosion bulge test of plate structure and its corresponding dimensionless deflection characterization means.

Authors: D Chen, L J Zhang, Y Z Lv, B H Li, H P Gu This paper relates a series of studies are carried out on underwater explosions with different grid sizes, so as to obtain the corresponding recommended grids that meet the calculation accuracy. The influence of different water state equations on the simulation results is discussed. The effect of artificial viscosity coefficient on the simulation results is analyzed. Finally, the similarity law of the model is studied to verify the universality of the model parameters.

Authors: T Ma , J X Wang, L T Liu, H Li, Y C Gu, & Y F Zhang This document provides a methodology to provide a theoretical basis for studying the shock wave propagation and evolution generated by cylindrical charge of near- field underwater explosion

Authors: Ming He, Shuai Zhang, Shi-ping Wang, Ze-yu Jin, Hemant Sagar The current work, a refined numerical study of the fl ow- field characteristics of a large equivalent shallow-depth explosion is carried out using a self-developed Eulerian finite element solver.

Publisher: Vasiliy E. Nikulin, Sergey G. Parshin, Alexey M. Levchenko, Gennadiy N. Vostretsov, Ilia L. Repin The development of underwater technologies and exploration of Arctic and Caspian shelves involve the use of marine metal structures made from high-strength steel. Research on underwater wet welding is crucial for ensuring the quality of welded joints in high-strength steel, particularly due to factors like temperature gradient, rapid cooling rate, stiffness conditions, microstructure heterogeneity, residual welding stresses, and hydrogen effusion affecting the likelihood of cold crack growth in welded joints.

Publisher: UDECO AS - https://www.udeco.no/ The Udecom Tie-on System is a versatile tie-in system that can handle single and multiple bores. It includes the spool, connections, protection, and installation, all with unique features. This system allows for loading and installing multiple tie-in spools simultaneously. It also facilitates the quick recovery of spools and is compatible with connection systems from major suppliers.

34 - Statistical and numerical analysis on characteristics and influence factors of construction cracks of large-diameter underwater shield tunnel: a case study

Authors: Rui Yang, Qian Kong, Meng Ren, Fuquan Ji, and Dejie Li The process of tunnel excavation is susceptible to the formation of segment cracks, which can result in serious safety hazards. The objective of this study is to examine the nature, placement, and timing of cracks in a large- diameter subaquatic shield tunnel while also identifying their root causes. Furthermore, this research analyzes the connections between crack features and parameters associated with shield tunneling processes.

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Publisher: Shaowei Zhang , Chuan Tian, and Fenghua Zhou) This article describes the design and optimization of a hybrid mooring buoy observation system, named Mooring Buoys Observation System with Benthic Electro- Optical-Mechanical Cable (MBOSBC), for long-term deep- sea monitoring. It explains the system's components, particularly the Electro-Optical Mechanical (EOM) cable, which is crucial for both mooring and energy transmission and data between the seabed and the sea surface. It also addresses the challenges faced by the EOM cable under environmental loads. It describes the mooring system's design criteria and optimization process to ensure its long-term effectiveness and reliability.

Authors: Fei Tian, Erfeng Zhang, Chen Yang, Dehua Sun, Weidong Shi, and Yonghua Chen This article presents research findings on the optimal design of the mixing flow field of submersible mixers, specifically focusing on improving the mixing uniformity of activated sludge in the context of water pollution control. The text discusses using numerical simulations to analyze the flow field characteristics of solid-liquid two- phase flow at various installation heights. The authors also highlight the impact of installation height on flow patterns, particle mixing, and aggregation, providing theoretical insights for better engineering practices.

Authors: Zhang Baofeng, Dong Rui, Wang Gang, Wang Guojun, and Zhang Dayong This study focuses on the dynamic interaction between ice and the structure, particularly in the Bohai Sea, and explores strategies to enhance wind turbines' safety and operational stability. The research involves analyzing a simplified mechanical model of a damping vibration isolation system and determining the effectiveness of different damping ratios in controlling structural displacement and acceleration. The findings aim to guide the design of ice-resistant offshore wind turbine foundations.

Authors: Fali Huo, Jie Xu, Hongkun Yang, Zhaojun Yuan, and Zhongxiang Shen This article describes research findings on designing and performing a multi-point mooring system for floating offshore wind turbines in shallow water areas (30 m–50 m depth). It focuses on the challenges posed by complex environmental conditions and topography in shallow waters and proposes a hybrid mooring cable scheme to provide theoretical guidance for designing mooring systems for floating offshore wind turbines in such environments.

Authors: Xingda Ji, Tao Zou, Xu Bai, Xinbo Niu, and Longbin Tao This study analyzes the impact of initial flatness divergence on the structural response and fatigue damage of bolted ring flange connections in offshore wind turbines. It involves modeling and simulating the responses of both fixed and floating offshore wind turbines to environmental loads. It also evaluates the consequences of geometric imperfections on the flange connections' structural integrity and fatigue life.

Authors: Shengjie Rui, Haojie Zhang, Hang Xu, Xing Zha, Mengtao Xu, Kanmin Shen This study reviews the development, installation, and operation of various deep-sea infrastructures used to exploit energy and mineral resources. It summarizes the types of seabed structures and foundations, analyzes the design requirements, marine environmental loads, and applications of these infrastructures, identifies research gaps, highlights the importance of marine environmental conditions, geological conditions, and soil-structure interactions, and suggests further research.

Authors: Mehdi Hajinezhadian & Behrouz Behnam This study advocates for a probabilistic-based approach to life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis in the design of offshore platforms. The text aims to demonstrate that considering LCC in the design process can lead to more cost-effective and optimal structural designs over the platform's lifetime. It highlights the potential benefits of slightly increasing initial construction costs to significantly reduce lifetime costs, encouraging stakeholders to adopt LCC-based design methodologies for critical infrastructure.

Authors: Samuel Lensgraf, Devin Balkcom, Alberto Quattrini Li This document describes a new free-floating autonomous underwater construction system, highlighting its capabilities, including active ballasting for efficient transportation of cement building blocks, its unique combination of compressed air for buoyancy and a battery for thrusters, and its performance in construction trials. Additionally, the authors discuss the system's innovative components, such as a one-degree-of-freedom manipulator, a two-component cement block construction system, and a simple active ballasting system.

Authors: Xue-feng Zhang, & Chun-xia Song This study focuses on safety monitoring and real-time early warning technology for deep water high pile foundations of bridges. It involves investigating typical damage characteristics, proposing early warning indices and thresholds, and establishing an evaluation model. The research is applied to a specific project (the Jiashao Bridge in Zhejiang Province, China) to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system.

36 - A study on the multi-objective optimization method and characteristic analysis of installation locations of submersible mixer for sewage

Authors: Fei Tian , Chen Yang, Erfeng Zhang, Dehua Sun, Weidong Shi, & Yonghua Chen) This study discusses improving the performance of submersible mixers in sewage treatment by optimizing their installation position parameters. It aims to enhance the treatment pool's average flow velocity and mixing efficiency and details the use of various software tools for multi-objective optimization. The authors indicate significant improvements in flow velocity, mixing efficiency, and fluid distribution, suggesting that the optimized installation positions can lead to better operational efficiency and economic benefits in sewage treatment plants.

37 - Research on torsional stiffness of flexspline-flexible bearing contact pair in harmonic drive based on macro-micro scale modeling

Authors: Qiushi Hu, Heng Li, Guang Wang, and Lei Li This study combines a micro-scale three-dimensional fractal model with a macro-scale finite element simulation method to establish an equivalent torsional stiffness model. It also discusses the construction of a torsional stiffness testing platform, validates the proposed model through experimental results, and examines the influences of torque, installation eccentricity, and deformation coefficient on the torsional stiffness.

Authors: Hsi-Hien Wei, Yuting Zhang, Ximing Sun, Jiayu Chen, Shixian Li This text provides an overview and analysis of the current state and future potential of robotics and human-robot collaboration in the construction industry. It highlights the technological advancements, reviews developments, discusses challenges, and proposes future research directions in this field.

Authors: G S Ammosov, Z G Kornilova, Yu A Yakovlev This text analyzes the design and structural challenges associated with the underwater crossing of the trunk gas pipeline (TGPL) across the river Lena in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It focuses on the impact of hydromorphological and hydrological factors on the pipeline's integrity, highlighting issues such as scours, sagging, and tensile stresses that result from these environmental conditions. The text also points out past design and construction oversights and their consequences on the pipeline's functionality and safety.

Authors: Tianshuo Xu, Le Wang, Peng Zhang, Yuheng Zhou, Kaixin Liu, Xin Feng, Yongchun Qi and Cong Zeng This article aims to provide information about the advancements and application of the direct pipe laying method, combining the technical advantages of horizontal directional drilling and pipe jacking construction. It discusses the benefits of this method, such as efficiency and minimal land use, and examines its implementation through a case study. Additionally, it analyzes technical aspects like equipment selection, guiding control technology, and factors affecting thrust force and trajectory deviation.

38 - Advances in Analytical Techniques and Applications in Exploration, Mining, Extraction, and Metallurgical Studies of Rare Earth Elements

Author: V. Balaram This paper reviews the various analytical techniques used in the research, exploration, and analysis of Rare Earth Elements (REE). It highlights the importance of these techniques across different stages of REE-related activities, discusses advancements in analytical instrumentation, and emphasizes the use of both laboratory-based and portable techniques for practical REE analysis to inform readers about the current state and developments in analytical methods for REE, with examples and applications in research studies.

Authors: Nadia A. Genovese, Francis Andreas Lee Kjærsgaard This text describes the research and design process for alternative scour protection options for a project facing extreme environmental conditions. It details the testing and evaluation of different solutions, such as geotextile bags and rock bags, and the challenges encountered, particularly with scaling and construction feasibility. It also outlines the final composite solution adopted, combining rock bags and an armor rock berm, highlighting the design challenges and constructability considerations involved.

Authors: Ming Ju, Yang Jiang, Feihong Yun, Hongwei Chai, Xi Chen, ingxuan Zhang, and Liquan Wang This text intends to present a detailed analysis and findings from a study on the dynamic behavior of submarine pipelines during the R-lay method. It aims to describe the methodology used, specifically a finite element-based shell element model, and the results of simulations regarding pipeline bending moments and ovality. It also highlights the influence of factors such as the pipeline's diameter–thickness ratio and material properties on these dynamic responses.

Authors: Haixia Gong, Zhuoran Ping, Tong Zhao, Shuping Hou, Fuqiang Zu, Pengyue Qiu, and Jianguo Qin This study focuses on optimizing technology for recycling abandoned undersea pipelines. It highlights the importance of reducing costs, minimizing ocean pollution, and improving recycling efficiency. It details the examination of the anchoring theory and damage process involved in submerged pipeline recovery, and it describes the use of a multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the design of the contact body structure in recovery tools to ensure that the optimized design can effectively exert contact force on the pipeline's inner wall, with specific design parameters provided as a result of the optimization process.

Authors: O.G. Kapinos, and N.V. Tvardovskaya This text discusses the challenges and considerations in designing and operating pressure hydraulic transport systems in permafrost conditions. It identifies factors affecting the risk of hydraulic shocks in pressure pipelines, particularly during aboveground laying in permafrost areas. It also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures to avoid hydraulic shocks, which are more cost- effective than dealing with the consequences of such events.

Authors: Haixia Gong, Tong Zhao, Xiaofeng You, Liquan Wang, and Feihong Yun This paper explains the process and rationale behind using scaled model experiments to verify the design of a deep-sea flexible pipeline-laying system. It discusses the need for physical simulation experiments due to the complex marine environment. It highlights the use of similarity theory to ensure that the scaled model accurately represents the prototype.

01 - Design study of offshore floating wind and photovoltaic power generation platform.

Authors: Siqi Chen, Zijia Wang, and Wenxin Yang The oceans hold a large amount of clean energy, mainly from wind and solar power. This text presents a new design for an offshore semi-submersible platform that addresses issues like low stability and efficiency. It combines a floating wind turbine with solar power, details the design and materials, and calculates stability, loads, and costs.The research enhances future green energy sources at sea and improve floating platform designs for better stability, economy, and efficiency.

09 - A high-performance framework for personal protective equipment detection on the offshore drilling platform.

Author: Xiaofeng Ji1, Faming Gong, Xiangbing Yuan, Nuanlai Wang Workers on offshore drilling platforms must regularly maintain equipment, but the environment poses hazards. Personal protective equipment (PPE) like helmets reduces injury risk. Current detection methods mainly check for helmet usage. This paper presents a new high-speed PPE detection method that accurately identifies workers not wearing helmets or workwear. An intelligent surveillance system based on this model has been implemented.

10 - A New Methodology for Upscaling Semi-submersible Platforms for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines.

Authors: Kaylie L. Roach, Matthew A. Lackner, James F. Manwell This paper introduces a new method for upscaling semi- submersible floating offshore wind turbine platforms. Wind turbine sizes have increased significantly, and assessing further growth is essential. The study develops a hydrodynamic model validated with OpenFAST software, applying the methodology to two case studies. Results show that platform dimensions scale down by a factor of 0. 75, while steel mass increases by a factor of 1. 5, contributing new insights into the upscaling of these platforms.

11 - The Study of the Lifting Arm System and Its Experimental Model for Integrated Offshore Platform Decommissioning.

Authors: Changjiang Li, Wensheng Xiao, Teng Wang, Xianglin Qu, Quan Li, and Lianghuan Fan As offshore oil and gas resources are further exploited, many fields are unable to meet production requirements, making the decommissioning of offshore facilities urgent. This article examines the lifting arm system for decommissioning ultra-large offshore platforms as part of a government program. A prototype structure is analyzed, and a model is built to test its strength and suitability for operations. This research is a groundbreaking step in China, paving the way for future experiments and equipment development.

12 - Experimental Study of a Puncture Warning System for a Jack-Up Offshore Platform.

Authors: Zailiang Liu, Xiaobin, Yuelin Song, Yonghe Xie, Detang Li During the operation of jack-up offshore platforms, changing seabed conditions can cause accidents like pile leg punctures and platform tilt. This study aims to introduce an early warning method for these issues to ensure safety. A real-time monitoring system using a programmable logic controller collects data from sensors on displacement, tilt, and pressure. An experimental device simulates a jack-up platform to assess safety responses under various conditions. The system effectively detects tilt and maintains safety.

18 - Research on complex multimodal vibration characteristics of offshore platform.

Authors: Na Wang, Ran Liang, Lei Li, Zhigang Liu, and Zhe Zhao The vibration and noise of offshore platforms affect staff comfort and health and are key indicators of platform status. This article studies the vibration characteristics and transfer laws of semi-submersible platforms through theoretical analysis and simulations, focusing on vibration transmission and multimodal vibration mechanisms.

19 - Design and Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of Deep Sea Manifold System

Authors: Chuxiang Lin, Weili Wang, Yongmei Zhu, Jian Zhang , Suzhou Zhang, Longhui Wang Subsea manifolds are crucial for offshore oil and gas extraction. This study focuses on designing a double well groove and double collector manifold for deep sea conditions. It includes stress analysis using AutoPIPE software, confirming compliance with ASME standards. Buckling analyses reveal that early defects significantly affect pipe strength. The findings serve as a reference for deepwater manifold design technologies

Authors: Mehdi Hajinezhadian, & Behrouz Behnam Offshore platforms are crucial infrastructure, and disruptions can lead to significant losses. The text suggests using a lifetime-based design approach, considering both direct and indirect costs. A probabilistic method for life- cycle-cost (LCC) analysis is proposed, examining five design models. Results show a need to increase structural element sizes for optimal cost efficiency, leading to a potential 46% decrease in LCC with only a 5% increase in initial costs. The aim is to encourage stakeholders to adopt LCC-based designs for important structures.

20 - A probabilistic approach to lifetime design of offshore platforms

21 - Hydrodynamic Investigation on Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Platform Integrated with Porous Shell.

Authors: Yisheng Yao, Dezhi Ning, Sijia Deng, Robert Mayon, and Ming Qin As wind turbines move from shallow to deep-water locations, improving the stability of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) is important. A new spar-buoy with a porous shell was designed by combining a traditional marine structure. Numerical models were created to study the motion responses and compared with the OC3- Hywind spar. Results showed that the porous shell reduced motion in all directions, especially heave, making it a promising option for deep-sea FOWTs.

22 - Predicting offshore workability for platform supply vessels using IoT and machine learning.

Author: R.F. Dick The North Sea offshore oil and gas production platforms require supply vessels for regular delivery of materials, including food, water, and fuel. Weather conditions can disrupt vessel schedules, leading to higher operational costs and safety concerns for crew members waiting in adverse conditions. Vessel motion prediction is often overlooked due to modeling costs. However, using IoT sensor data from vessels and local metocean information, machine learning models achieved 88%-91% accuracy in predicting motion parameters like roll, pitch, and heave.

30 - Evaluation of safety monitoring scheme for offshore floating platform based on the multiple connection numbers.

Authors: Guo Liu, Qiyue Guo, Yanqiang Bai This paper developed a five-element connection number analysis method to evaluate the safety monitoring scheme of offshore floating platforms. An index system was created, and Set Pair Analysis was used for similarity, difference, and reverse evaluation. The entropy weight method helped calculate objective weights. A case study on an offshore platform project in Guangdong, China showed good evaluation results, highlighting the programming method's importance. The findings offer a theoretical basis for managing safety monitoring schemes.

Authors: Directorate of Fisheries Government of Goa Sea cage culture involves growing fish in enclosed nets in the sea for water flow. It can be done in appropriate areas with government permission. Production is much higher than shore systems, and costs are lower. Monitoring fish is easy, helping prevent stress and disease. Harvesting can be planned based on demand for better quality and price.

31 - A manual on open sea cage culture.

32 - Offshore Platforms: Classification, Technologies, Architectures, and Applications.

Author: An Chen Offshore platforms face challenges from the marine environment and support oil production, wind energy, and research. This paper summarizes current research, types, applications, and technological aspects of offshore platforms, highlighting their adaptability and potential for improved performance.

33 - Methodology for the Formation of a Digital Model of the Life Cycle of an Offshore Oil and Gas Platform.

Authors: Nikolay Didenko, Djamilia Skripnuk, Viktor Merkulov, Kseniia N. Kikkas, and Konstantin Skripniuk This article organizes scientific views on creating a digital model for complex engineering systems, focusing on offshore oil and gas platforms. It discusses key elements of the platform's life cycle model and advocates for an interdisciplinary approach using alternative graphs and information technologies. New concepts like life cycle cost and duration are introduced. The article details a proposed technology for model-based design and outlines a cyclic procedure for managing the virtual life cycle model, which updates with changes and reduces the need for extensive physical testing.

39 - Italian Offshore Platform and Depleted Reservoir Conversion in the Energy Transition Perspective.

Authors: Andrea Carpignano, Raffaella Gerboni, Alessio Mezza, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, Adriano Sacco, Daniele Sassone, Alessandro Suriano, Anna Chiara Uggenti, Francesca Verga, and Dario Viberti New ideas for reusing old platforms have been studied, focusing on changing them from recreational tourism to fish farming. This paper discusses options relevant to Italy, supporting a national strategy for a circular economy and energy transition. Options include renewable energy production, hydrogen from seawater, CO2 capture, and fluid storage. The study shows that converting offshore platforms can meet energy goals without technical, environmental, or safety issues. Socio-economic factors were not reviewed.

40 - Debottlenecking The Complexities of Stakeholder Management in Indonesia Offshore Platform Decommissioning

Authors: Desi Aresa Mahdi, Gatot Yudoko, and Agung Wicaksono Indonesia's offshore platform decommissioning is complicated, involving many stakeholders with differing interests. Only one platform has been removed and sunk as rig-to-reef since 2017. Research identified challenges like the lack of an Abandonment and Site Restoration Fund and regulatory weaknesses. Solutions include formalizing funding and creating a comprehensive regulation.

41 - Performance Feasibility of a Multi-Source Offshore Renewable Energy Platform for Aquaculture

Authors: Sophie Roberts, Damon Howe, Jean-Roch Nader The global aquaculture industry faces challenges due to the rising demand for seafood. Issues include less available coastal areas and the need to reduce environmental harm. Moving operations offshore could help, but energy supply is a major challenge. This paper examines a new renewable energy platform using solar, wind, and wave energy off Tasmania, assessing its feasibility through a numerical model.

42 - Sensitivity Analysis of Offshore Platform Structures Under Varying Scour Depths

Authors: Made Suarjana, and Willy Kiesin Several offshore platforms in the Java Sea have encountered scour at different depths, raising safety concerns. Scouring erodes around these structures and impacts their integrity. Sensitivity analysis helps understand how scour affects safety parameters. A study using SACS software analyzed a four-legged jacket platform under storm and seismic conditions, revealing that safety factors decrease as scour depth increases. This research aids engineers in maintaining offshore platforms safely amidst scour challenges.

45 - Hydro-structural design exploration of floating platform for offshore energy systems.

Authors: Chandler S. Cain, Yong Hoon Lee This paper explores the design of floating platforms for offshore energy systems. It aims to create a design method that maintains stability against ocean waves while meeting structural constraints. The design focuses on free-form outer columns to improve performance and uses spline interpolation for the hull shape. The study includes simulations to assess dynamic responses and offers design insights for developers. It emphasizes advanced shape optimization, manufacturability, and consideration of wave conditions for effective performance.

46 - Simulation of Offshore Wind Turbine Blade Docking Based on the Stewart Platform.

Authors: Yi Zhang, Jiamin Guo, and Huanghua Peng The main issue affecting offshore wind turbine installation is wind. This paper uses a Stewart platform to enhance the stability and efficiency of single-blade installation in high winds. A simulation system was created to test its effectiveness, using a PID algorithm to control the platform. The simulation, involving 61. 5-meter blades, shows the system can improve docking by reducing vibration and movement, leading to more stable and efficient blade installation.

48 - Design Optimization of a Mooring System for an Offshore Aquaculture Platform

Authors: Liang Wang, Lei Wang, Mingchao Cui, Mingxiao Liang, and Haitian Liu In this paper, the mooring system of an offshore aquaculture platform is designed and improved using a shallow water mooring system method that combines NSGA-II and a cable–platform model. The study compares the hydrodynamic performance of three mooring systems using numerical simulations and physical experiments, confirming the effectiveness of the NSGA-II designed system as a cost-effective solution.

49 - Ice-Induced Vibration Analysis of Offshore Platform Structures Based on Cohesive Element Method.

Authors: Jianhua Zhang, Xiaoyu Wang, Ke Sun, Yueqi Lai, Dianwei Gao, Won-Hee Kang, Bin Wang, and Bingjun Wang This study examines ice-induced vibration on offshore platforms using the cohesive element method (CEM). The method's effectiveness is confirmed by comparing it to the HSVA ice-breaking experiment. The investigation shows that offshore platform motion correlates with ice impact velocity, but sensitivity is low. Ice direction significantly affects vibration response, and using 52.5- degree cones reduces acceleration by 63%. Higher cone angles result in greater load-bearing.

50 - Mothballing, Manifold, Pipeline installation and Impact Assessment in existing Saghara Gas solution Flowstation Facility, Warri, Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Authors: Ibrahim O.I., Ngozi-Chika C.S., Okanigbuan P.N., Abdulraheem K.K., and Bilqees D. The Saghara field is in OML 43, Warri South, with 8 wells, two of which are abandoned. It produces 30,000 barrels of oil per day and is part of a gas flaring reduction project. Oil wells have been rerouted, and a new inlet manifold has been installed. Key findings include new pipelines for gas collection, installation of a 21km fiber optic cable, and mothballing of the flowstation. Hydrostatic tests showed no leaks, and gas flaring will significantly reduce.