index-ae vessels-2018-2023

Vessel design, maintenance, & management 2018 - 2023

Author: Cdr (Dr) Nitin Agarwala This paper discusses the developments made for the dynamic positioning system over the years and traces the evolutions that are helping in the conceptualization of autonomous ships.

Authors: Anil Kumar D, Manoj C V, Hariprasad S A, Rakshith D, Poornachandra N U, & Mahalakshmi P This paper discusses the control algorithm for precise track keeping even in the presence of sea disturbances.

16 - The analysis of overall ship fuel consumption in acceleration manoeuvre using hull propeller engine interaction principles and governor features.

Author: Hamid Zeraatgar, M. Hossein Ghaemi. Many research works and related industries currently address the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in shipping. There are many existing and visionary technologies and ideas, which are conceptually defined or practically realized. This goal can be achieved in different ways, and reducing fuel consumption is one of the effective methods. In these circumstances, this study aims to analyze the possibility of fuel consumption reduction by using an alternative control strategy for low-speed marine diesel engines that would consider the interactions between hull, propeller, and main engine.

These Guidelines deal with invasive plants, animals, disease agents, and other organisms in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and their impacts on the environment, biodiversity, ecosystem services, human health, economies, and society. All of the main thematic areas and their objectives are required to manage the invasive species threat comprehensively. These Guidelines reflect and are compatible with relevant international conventions and standards and are intended to assist planners and practitioners in meeting accepted standards and best practices.

Author: New Zealand Government This Craft Risk Management Standard (CRMS) specifies the requirements for management of biofouling risk associated with vessels (sea craft) that are entering New Zealand territorial waters.

Author: New Zealand Government This guidance document provides best practice guidance, information and recommendations to help operators and persons in charge of vessels to meet the requirements of the Craft Risk Management Standard (CRMS) for Biofouling on Vessels arriving into NZ (referred to in this document as the “biofouling standard”).

Author: Government of new Zealand The IMO (International Maritime Organisation) (2011) Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships’ Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species contain examples of current best practices. Following these will be considered as compliance with New Zealand’s requirements. The guidelines include that vessels should have a vessel-specific biofouling management plan (notably including a hull maintenance program), documentation, inspections and antifouling systems, a record of actions under the plan, and, where relevant, design and construction to reduce areas prone to biofouling growth.

Authors: B.T. Watermann & K. Broeg for the European Regional Devellopment Fund. Due to its characteristics as a semi-enclosed brackish water sea with a shallow connection to the North Sea and heavy maritime traffic, the Baltic Sea already faces strong anthropogenic pressures and impact. Effects are, besides others, eutrophication, pollution with hazardous substances, and the introduction of invasive species. Thus, this Best Practice Guide aims at providing information and guidance for effective biofouling management strategies suitable for the Baltic Sea Region based on international and regional experiences and research.

Authors: Pedro Almeida Vinagre, Teresa Simas, Erica Cruz, Emiliano Pinori, & Johan Svenson. Abstract: Biofouling is a significant problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowers the operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the appropriate marine locations is key to effective management of biofouling. Of specifc concern for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is that information on biofouling composition and magnitude across geographies is dispersed throughout published papers and consulting reports. The present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries to enable rapid access to relevant key biofouling events.

Published by the Institute of marine engineering, Science & technology, & the International paint and printing ink council.

This Guide outlines the ABS requirements for the design and survey of accommodation modules installed onboard ABS-classed Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs), and Mobile Offshore Units (MOUs), Offshore Installations (fixed or floating), Steel Barges, and Steel Vessels. The Guide may be voluntarily applied to other type of portable modules.

This Guide sets forth requirements for the optional underwater noise notation UWN (Type) and UWN+ (Type). It is applicable to self-propelled commercial and research vessels.

This Rule Note gives the certification scheme of materials and equipment (products) intended to be fitted on board units to be classed or classed with the Society in accordance with the relevant requirements of the Society's rules for classification.

The Classification process consists of: a) The development of Rules, Guides, standards and other criteria for the design and construction of marine vessels and structures, for materials, equipment and machinery, b) The review of design and survey during and after construction to verify compliance with such Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria, c) The assignment and registration of class when such compliance has been verified, and d) The issuance of a renewable Classification certificate with annual endorsements valid for five years.

- 2020

Requirements of these Rules are applicable to crew boats of less than 500 GRT, with hull made of steel, aluminium or composite materials, and proceeding in the course of their voyage not more than four hours at operational speed from a place of refuge.

This Rule Note covers ships able to sail in planning mode in adapted sea state at high speed (light ship), or in planning mode in adapted sea state and speed, and in displacement mode otherwise (bi-mode ship), or in displacement mode only (conventional ship).

13 - The Experiment of Producing Freshwater from the Air Using Thermoelectric Cooler for the Need of Drinking Water in a Lifeboat

Author: Alam Baheramsyah, Juniarko Prananda, Darwin Setiyawan A limitation of freshwater supply in a lifeboat during sea survival situation caused by a ship accident could endanger survivor’s life. An availability of freshwater is critical for people to survive during search and rescue time. Therefore, it is very important to have a device that can produce freshwater continuously in a lifeboat.

Authors: Victor A. Dubrovsky Some civil engineers apply the pre-stressed structures for notable decreasing of structure mass. Such structure consists of two parts: usual structure from usual material and added details for high-tensile material, usually ropes, which pre-stress the main structure.

Authors: Luofeng Huang, Sasan Tavakoli, Minghao, Azam Dolatshah, Blanca Pena, Boyin Ding, and Abbas Dashtimanesh The launch of lifeboats is commonly completed through freefall dropping from a considerable height, where the lifeboat is released from an inclined skid so that it can obtain a forward speed after being launched. The drop is followed by a water entry process that can induce high impact forces on the hull, which gives a significant risk of structural damages. Ascertaining the water entry impact is therefore a key step of lifeboat design.

Authors: Dawud Shibghotulloh, Samsul Maarif, Eko Adhi Setiawan The boundary of this research is to calculate the average cost of energy from boat lighting to energy sources using the homer simulation method. The purpose of this study is to compare the energy consumption generated by electric boat (e-Boat) and conventional fishing boats.

Authors: Ulanbek Auyeskhan, Namhun Kim, Chung, Soo Kim, ran Van Loi, Jihwan Choi, Dong-Hyun Kim The design freedom provided by Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the part consolidation (PC) of sophisticated mechanical assemblies. However, PC has been mainly performed for static components in assemblies with nonmoving parts. In this regard, a new approach to assembly-level Design for Additive Manufacturing (A- DfAM) considering an industrial lifeboat hook assembly with a functionally dynamic system is proposed

Authors: Haiwen Tu 1, Lin Mu, Kai Xia, Xiaodi Wang, and Kui Zhu The lifeboat is one of the most important life-saving equipment for escaping at sea when a ship is abandoned in an extreme emergency. An accurate drift model can help rescuers find the drift position of the lifeboat in the shortest time, thus improving the efficiency of marine search and rescue (SAR) at sea and ensuring the safety of wrecked people. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drift characteristics and to develop an accurate drift prediction model for the open lifeboat.

Publisher: Oil management International Marine Forum Unsafe events in the offshore marine industry have indicated that deck cargo operations pose a high safety risk with the following main contributing factors: • Large amounts of water on deck (green water). • Unsecured cargo on deck. • Personnel in the line of fire. • Lack of combined operations communications. These events highlight the need to provide guidance and align stakeholders across the industry to increase safety, which is the purpose of this document.

Publisher: International Maritime Organization (IMO) Abstract: The Maritime Safety Committee, at its 102nd session (4 to 11 november 2020), having considered a proposal by the Sub-Committee on Ship Design and Construction, at its sixth session, and recognizing the importance of inspection and maintenance of mooring equipment including lines, approved the Guidelines for inspection and maintenance of mooring equipment including lines, as set out in the annex.

Authors: Heikki A. Nurmi, Cunming Yu, Dmytro Toptunov, Robin H.A. Ras, and Ville Jokinen Friction reduction is typically done by lubrication with petroleum-based oils, while technology focus is shifting toward environmentally-friendly green lubrication. Lowest friction coefficients with water-based lubrication have previously been achieved with smooth surfaces such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride or polyzwitterionic polymer brushes. This document describes a novel concept for green lubrication using a bilayer of water and ambient air acting as the lubricant between a hydrophilic and superhydrophobic surface.

Authors: Conghui Duan, Jianping Yin, Zhijun Wang, Zhiwei Hao To study the impact of shallow water explosion shock waves on a ship and the overpressure distribution law under different burst points and different explosive quantities and charge, the TNT column bare charge is selected, based on LS-DYNA nite element software; the underwater explosion model is created, and the numerical simulation study of underwater explosion under different burst points is carried out, and the correctness of the nite element model is verified by comparing with the empirical formula.

Authors: Alpaslan Tatlısuluoglu, Serdar Beji) Underwater explosions that threaten the hull integrity and proper operation of navy ships’ systems and subsystems are considered from the viewpoint of damage estimation. The commercial code LS-DYNA with the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical technique is used to analyze the shock effects on structural components of a ship-like form for three different scenarios. Computed maximum permanent deformations are matched with the corresponding keel shock factor (KSF) values for searching a functional relationship of a linear form.

Authors: Sergiy Rogalsky , Olena Moshynets, Oleg Dzhuzha, Oksana Tarasyuk, Anastasiia Hubina, Alina Madalina Darabut, Yevheniia Lobko, Iryna Morozovska, Oleksandr Protasov, Jean-Francois Bardeau This document details a novel water-insoluble cationic biocide that has been assessed as a prospective antifouling agent for commercial alkyd paint.

Authors: Dr.Y.Ramkrishna, R. Siri Himaja, G. Rohit Singh, T. Kasi Viswanath, A. Kavitha Overloading the boat with persons and luggage can cause a lot of risks to onboard passengers. One solution for the overloading issue is simply limiting the weight, but due to lack of knowledge, some helms allow heavy weights. To overcome this problem, a boat overloading indicator is developed using a load cell, which limits the weight of persons and their luggage. If the maximum weight exceeds the load capacity of the boat, an alarm will be triggered. The boat's engine will be turned off, and informed to the police department through a message. Then, the necessary action will be taken on the concerned helm.

Authors: Baris Barlas Occupants in high-speed patrol boats are subject to impact forces due to various boat motions. These impact forces should be precisely calculated and accounted for when designing seats for occupants. Hull design and cruising speed are the most critical parameters that cause shock and impact on the boat during the journey. In addition, seat design and material also have a major effect on the impact level sensed by the occupant. This study uses Altair software (Hypermesh and Radioss) to build a sample Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) seat and occupant model for patrol boats.

Authors: Alexandru Bobe, Tiberiu Axinte, Catalin Nutu, Catalin Fratila, Mihai Diaconu. This article discusses the use of hydraulic motors to convert fluid pressure into rotary motion. Hydraulic motors can be used for various applications, such as excavators, shredders, drilling rigs, winches, crane drives, cooling fan drivers, feeders, roll mills, launch and recovery systems (LARS), etc. The authors also study two pneumatic circuits using hydraulic motors.

The DP Committee is a non-profit organization that promotes a greater international understanding of Dynamic Positioning and related issues. The documents published by this organization should be considered references. They can be accessed by clicking on the following links: Website: https://dynamic-positioning.com/about-us/

Authors: Panpan Zhang, Lin Wu, Lifeng Bao, Bo Wang, Hui Liu, Qianqian Li, and Yong Wang This study discusses the effectiveness of gravity disturbance compensation in improving the positioning accuracy of high-precision inertial navigation systems (INS). It investigates the error and frequency characteristics of INS caused by gravity disturbances and introduces a method for implementing gravity compensation using data from a high-precision satellite altimetry marine gravity field model. The results demonstrate the impact of gravity disturbances on INS performance and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed compensation method through dynamic shipborne testing, showing a significant improvement in positioning accuracy.

Authors: F. Mannacio, A. Barbato, F. Di Marzo, M. Gaiotti, C.M. Rizzo, M. Venturini This text discusses the challenges and methodologies related to verifying shock resistance in naval ship foundations to provide guidelines for shock foundation design by comparing numerical simulations with experimental data, highlighting the importance of using both approaches to enhance understanding of complex phenomena.

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14 - The impact of propulsion factors on vessel performance in waves

Authors: Bhushan Taskar, Pelle Bo Regener, and Poul Andersen This study examines the impact of waves on vessel performance, considering four different ships and simulations for a transpacific journey. Results show predicted energy consumption varies from -12% to +4%, with propulsion efficiency significantly affected. It emphasizes the importance of considering these factors for accurate vessel performance prediction.

15 - Power Models and Average Ship Parameter Effects on Marine Emissions Inventories.

Authors: Isabela N. Brown, Michael F. Aldridge Shipping contributes 2.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with projections of a 50% to 250 percent increase by 2050. Marine emission models estimate ship propulsive power using various methods, including the Propeller Law and Automated Identification System (AIS) data. This paper examines the effects of complex and simple propulsive power models on calculating baseline emissions inventories with unique vessel parameters.

19 - The dual nature of the dead-water phenomenology: Nansen versus Ekman wave-making drags

Authors: Johan Fourdrinoy, Julien Dambrine, Madalina Petcu, Morgan Pierre, and Germain Rousseaux This study explores the higher drag experienced by ships in stratified fluids, focusing on two wave-making resistance phenomena: Nansen wave-making drag and Ekman wave-making drag. The study reveals that these speed variations are due to an internal dispersive undulating depression during initial acceleration, acting as a bumpy treadmill. The study also demonstrates that this oscillating regime is temporary, and that lateral confinement can exacerbate oscillations and modify the asymptotic speed.

27 - Assessment of the Propulsion System Operation of the Ships Equipped with the Air Lubrication System

Authors: Mariusz Giernalczyk, and Piotr Kaminski This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a ship's hull air lubrication system in reducing drag and fuel consumption. Analyzing existing reports and operating parameters, the authors found that while the system offers advantages, its effectiveness on modern passenger ships is not clear-cut. The study also suggests conditions for increased efficiency.

28 - Evaluation of the environmental and economic impacts of electric propulsion systems onboard ships: case study passenger vessel

Authors: Nader R. Ammar, & Ibrahim S. Seddiek The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has highlighted the significant role of maritime transport in global greenhouse gases. This paper investigates the environmental and economic impact of electric propulsion systems, comparing diesel electric (DE) and combined gas turbine electric and steam (COGES) systems. Results show COGES is more energy efficient and cost-effective, with a life-cycle cost-effectiveness of 612, 1970, and 6 $/ton for NOx, SOx, and CO2 emissions.

29 - E-Engine for a Long-Tail Boat, an Application in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)-Design and Comparison with Internal Combustion Engine.

Authors: Vu Tran Tuan, Phuong Nguyen Huy, Surasak Phoemsapthawee, and Sangkla Kreuawan This article proposes an E-propulsion system for ASEAN long-tail boats, offering low noise, zero-emission, and regenerative braking. The design, achieved through finite element analyses and thermal simulations, outperforms the Honda GX270 in volume, weight, torque, and power. A full-scale prototype was manufactured.

Authors: Calvin Corey, Gene Castles, Clive Wilgress-Pipe, & Heejong Moon Naval vessels often operate during low-speed activities, causing propulsion system inefficiencies. Modern vessels incorporate electric propulsion systems like Integrated Electric Drive (IED) and Hybrid Electric Drive (HED) to mitigate these losses and increase range and survivability. This paper compares and contrasts these systems for naval vessels and proposes an adaptation for the CVX-Class aircraft carrier.

32 - Electric Propulsion for Modern Naval Vessels

35 - Validating propulsion system optimization procedure for a carrier vessel.

Authors: M. Lobachev, V. Novoselov, Yu. Polyakov, A. Rudnichenko, T. Saifullin, A. Taranov The study optimizes the propulsion efficiency of Project 1594 ships using Russian software package pSeven and Siemens Star CCM+ software. The study generates three- dimensional parametric models for the propeller and hull, and obtains hydrodynamic parameters using CFD methods. The results show a new bow shape with lower wave-making resistance and higher propeller efficiency. The optimized system shows a growth in speed in different conditions. (Doc. written in Russian)

40 - Film-Thickness Identification Method and Lubrication Characteristic Experiment of Full-Size Water-Lubricated Stern Bearing under Offset Load

Authors: Jinjun Li, Wu Ouyang, Qilin Liu, Zhuo Zhang, and Yan Zhang This paper investigates the lubrication status of a water- lubricated stern bearing (WSB) under offset load using a full-size experiment. The study establishes a bearing film- thickness identification model, identifying dynamic film thickness data in the bearing section. The model's maximum identification error is less than 7%, and the lubrication state changes dynamically with speed. The research provides insights for determining the shaft system's service life.

41 - Life-Cycle Assessment and Costing of Fuels and Propulsion Systems in Future Fossil-Free Shipping

Authors: Fayas Malik Kanchiralla, Selma Brynolf, Elin Malmgren, Julia Hansson, and Maria Grahn This study evaluates potential decarbonization solutions for future ships, focusing on energy carriers like electrolytic hydrogen, electro-ammonia, electro-methanol, and electricity. The results show promising measures to reduce maritime GHG emissions with low-carbon-intensive electricity. However, the carbon abatement cost ranges from 300 to 550 €/tCO 2 eq, with trade-offs for environmental impacts. Electro-ammonia in fuel cells is effective, followed by the HyMethShip concept. Major incentives and policy measures are needed.

42 - Lifecycle Environmental Benefits with a Hybrid Electric Propulsion System Using a Control Algorithm for Fishing Boats in Korea

Authors: Seongwan Kim, Hyeonmin Jeon, Chybyung Park, and Jongsu Kim Korea's government is promoting the development and distribution of environmental vessels, including electric propulsion systems and hybrid systems. A case study using a battery hybrid system reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 7.6% and 10.7% compared to conventional diesel-powered ships. The study confirmed that the hybrid system is eco-friendly from the energy production stage, but further research is needed to reflect the aging trend of the entire fleet and create a detailed category classification.

48 - Battery-Free and Real-Time Wireless Sensor System on Marine Propulsion Shaft Using a Wireless Power Transfer Module

Authors: Young Chul Lee, and Van Ai Hoang This paper presents a wireless sensor system (WSS) that integrates an inductive wireless power transfer module for real-time monitoring of rotating shaft status in ships. The system has a power capability of 1.75 W and 75% efficiency. The system integrates four sensors on a 200mm shaft, demonstrating real-time monitoring without a battery.

Authors: Qiuwen Wang , Hu Zhang, and Puxin Zhu The use of nuclear energy for merchant ships is a potential solution to promote maritime decarbonization and sustainable shipping. However, concerns about environmental risks from accidents and machinery failures exist. This research aims to analyze existing regulations and identify potential solutions to mitigate the impacts of radioactive marine pollution on the international community.

50 - Using Nuclear Energy for Maritime Decarbonization and Related Environmental Challenges: Existing Regulatory Shortcomings and Improvements

54 - An SE-Based Maritime Vessel Development Framework for Changeable Propulsion Systems

Authors: Brendan Sullivan, and Monica Rossi The International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vessels by 40% by 2030. This is a significant challenge, as regulations are reducing ship life spans and economic value. To address this, the IMO recommends the Energy Efficiency Design Index for new vessels, which encourages innovation and continuous technical development. This paper presents a conceptual framework for maritime vessels to achieve this.

55 - Next Generation Electric Propulsion for 5000 Ton Combatant Vessel

Authors: Calvin Corey, Gene Castles, Clive Wilgress-Pipe, Heejong Moon Integrated Electric Drive (IED) is a promising solution for next-generation electric propulsion applications, as it decouples ship propulsion from conventional engines. This paper presents two IED propulsion systems for a 5,000-ton frigate class vessel, highlighting its benefits and potential drawbacks. The approach can be applied to various naval ships, including mine sweeper hunter and aircraft carrier. The focus is on combatant vessels operating at low speeds.

Author: Kai Bo, Junquan Chen, Yapeng Jiang, & Dong Wang This study presents an electromagnetic characteristics numerical analysis of a 40 MW, 120 rpm, semi- superconducting HTS synchronous motor. The analysis considers the electromagnetic behavior of the motor, analyzing the effects of varying stator winding currents and thickness on eddy current losses of the copper shielding sleeve. This study has significant implications for electromagnetic design and optimization of multi-ten MW HTS motors.

60 - Numerical analysis of 40 MW HTS motor electromagnetic characteristics for ship electric propulsion

Authors: Paulo Alexander Jacobsen Jardim, Jan Tore Rein, Øystein Haveland, Thorstein R. Rykkje, Thomas J. Impelluso This article introduces a novel theoretical framework, the moving frame method (MFM), leveraging Lie group theory for deriving equations of motion efficiently. The MFM offers a unified notation for multi-body and single- body dynamics in both 2D and 3D contexts. The research emphasizes a variation of angular velocity within Hamilton’s principle and includes a numerical integration approach for solving motion equations. Additionally, it showcases a 3D simulation of the ship’s rotation that can be viewed on mobile devices, suggesting the MFM’s potential for advancing “smart ships.”

43 - Position Control of Heave Compensation for Offshore Cranes Based on a Particle Swarm Optimized Model Predictive Trajectory Path Controller

Authors: Hao Chen, Jinke Xie, Jingang Han, Weifeng Shi, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, and Mohamed Benbouzid This paper discusses the critical importance of a wave compensation system in naval operations, which helps to mitigate irregular motion between vessels during various maritime activities such as replenishment and offshore cargo transfer. It highlights the challenges posed by nonlinear motion characteristics of crane loads due to ship movements and introduces a novel approach called the Particle Swarm Optimized Model Predictive Trajectory Path (PSO-MPTP) controller. This advanced method enhances heave compensation performance by implementing predictive control to anticipate crane load movements.

25 - Probabilistic Condition Monitoring of Azimuth Thrusters Based on Acceleration Measurements

Authors: Riku-Pekka Nikula, Mika Ruusunen, Joni Keski- Rahkonen, Lars Saarinen, and Fredrik Fagerholm This study introduces a monitoring algorithm for azimuth thrusters on drill ships and offshore rigs. It uses data from acceleration and shaft speed to find driveline issues. By applying linear regression models and analyzing residuals, the method detects changes in thruster conditions and calculates squared Mahalanobis distances. Tested on two thrusters, the algorithm shows high accuracy in identifying bearing conditions, proving its effectiveness for real-time use.

26 - Application of Measurement Sensors and Navigation Devices in Experimental Research of the Computer System for the Control of an Unmanned Ship Model