scientific-2022-part-b

Scientific papers 2022 - Part B

The documents are classified chronologically. Click on their descriptions to open and download them.

Authors: Morgan Levenez, Kate Lambrechts, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Alessandra Vezzoli, Peter Germonpré, Hadrien Pique, Fabio Virgili, Gerardo Bosco, Pierre Lafère, and Costantino Balestra. Impaired flow mediated dilation (FMD), an index of vascular stress, is known after SCUBA diving. This is related to a dysfunction of nitric oxide (NO) availability and a disturbance of the redox status, possibly induced by hyperoxic/hyperbaric gas breathing. SCUBA diving is usually performed with a mask only covering “half-face” (HF) and therefore forcing oral breathing. Nasal NO production is involved in vascular homeostasis and, as a consequence, can significantly reduce NO possibly promoting vascular dysfunction. More recently, the utilization of a “full-face” (FF) mask, allowing nasal breathing, became more frequent, but no reports are available describing their effects on vascular functions compared to HF masks. In this study, the authors assessed and compared the effects of a standard shallow dive (20 min at 10 m) wearing either F or an HF mask on different markers of vascular function (FMD), oxidative stress (ROS, 8-iso- PGF2a), and NO availability and metabolism (NO2, NOx and 3-NT and iNOS expression).

Authors: Torkjel Tveita, Ingrid Eftedal, Sanjoy Deb. This paper discusses fast human adaptation to a new equilibrium such as ambient temperature and pressure, high altitude, water immersion, and immediate access to natural resources like food, water, shelter, etc.

Authors: Miguel Alvarez Villela, Sophia A. Dunworth, Bryan D. Kraft, Nicole P. Harlan, Michael J. Natoli, Hagir B. Suliman, and Richard E. Moon. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO 2 ) has been proposed as a pre- conditioning method to enhance exercise performance. Inadequate methodologies have limited most prior studies testing this effect. Its potential efficacy and mechanism of action remain unknown. The authors hypothesized that HBO 2 could enhance aerobic capacity by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis via redox signaling in skeletal muscle. HBO2 was administered in combination with high-intensity interval training HIIT), a potent redox stimulus known to induce mitochondrial biogenesis.

07 - Contribution of Adenosine in the Physiological Changes and Injuries Secondary to Exposure to Extreme Oxygen Pressure in Healthy Subjects

Authors: Alain Boussuges, Jeremy Bourenne, Farid Elouﬁr, Julien Fromonot, Giovanna Mottola, Jean Jacques Risso, Nicolas Vallee, Fabienne Bregeon, and Régis Guieu. Climbers and aviators are exposed to severe hypoxia at high altitudes, whereas divers are exposed to hyperoxia at depth. This study aimed to report changes in the adenosinergic system induced by exposure to extreme oxygen partial pressures.

Authors: Jean-Pierre Imbert, Salih-Murat Egi, and Costantino Balestra Decompression sickness (DCS) was the main concern of saturation diving safety, but procedures have evolved over the last 50 years, and DCS has become a rare event. New needs have evolved to evaluate the diving and decompression stress to improve the flexibility of the operations (minimum interval between dives, optimal oxygen levels, etc.). This paper discusses the authors' monitoring of this stress during actual saturation operations.

Authors: Jean Morin, Nicolas Vallée, Pierre-Louis Dufresne, Sarah Rives, Henri Lehot, Lucille Daubresse, Romain Roffi, Arnaud Druelle, Pierre-Julien Cungi, and Jean-Eric Blatteau This study analyzes 200 medical records of military divers suspected of COVID-19 contamination between April 2020 and February 2021. The data collected included physical examination, ECG, blood biochemistry, chest CT scan, and spirometry

Authors: Sung Kyun Kim, Sung Jun Han, Seok Jin Hong, and Seok Min Hong Ear canal skin is directly attached to bone or cartilage, and is also connected to the eardrum. Acute otitis externa is cellulitis of the ear canal skin and subdermal tissue associated with acute inflammation and variable edema. The authors characterized the microbiome of the normal ear canal and ear canal with otitis externa.

Authors:D. Limanan & F. Ferdinal This document is to be linked to the undesirable effects of oxygen described in our handbooks: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can damage all macromolecules, such as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. That can contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, CVD, and aging (Oxidative Damage ) Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency in either the delivery or the utilization of oxygen at the tissue level, which can lead to changes in the body's function, metabolism, and even structure, and could be used for drug development and disease treatment.

Authors: JS Kelly & JP Delaney Cold-water swimming has recently attracted academic interest as a lifestyle therapy for improving mood and reducing depression (Kelly & Bird, 2022; Massey et al 2020; Van Tulleken et al, 2018). However, sudden immersion in cold-water is not without significant risk to health, including increased blood pressure, increased risk of abnormal cardiac events, and death! (Tipton et al, 2017), these are considered to result from the cold shock response.

Authors: Jean-Pierre Imbert, Jean-Yves Massimelli, Ajit Kulkarni, Lyubisa Matity, & Philip Bryson Saturation diving is a specialised method of intervention in offshore commercial diving. Emergencies may require the crew to be evacuated from the diving support vessel. Because saturation divers generally need several days to reach surface, the emergency evacuation of divers is based on dedicated hyperbaric rescue systems. There are still potential situations for which these systems cannot be used or deployed, and where an emergency decompression provides an alternative solution.

Authors: Emmanuel Gouin, Costantino Balestra, Jeremy Orsat, Emmanuel Dugrenot, and Erwan L’Her The use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) in recreational diving is gaining interest. However, data regarding its physiological effects are still scarce. Immersion, cold water, hyperoxia, exercise or the equipment itself could challenge the cardiopulmonary system. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of CCR diving on lung function and autonomous cardiac activity after a series of CCR dives in cold water.

Authors: Daniel Popa, Craig Kutz, Morgan Carlile, Kaighley Brett, Esteban A Moya, Frank Powell, Peter Witucki, Richard Sadler, Charlotte Sadler Faults or errors during use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) can cause hypoxia. Military aviators face a similar risk of hypoxia and undergo awareness training to determine their ‘hypoxia signature’, a personalised, reproducible set of symptoms. The authors aimed to establish a hypoxia signature among divers, and to investigate their ability to detect hypoxia and self-rescue while cognitively overloaded.

Authors: Michele Salvagno, Giacomo Coppalini, Fabio Silvio Taccone, Giacomo Strapazzon, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Monica Rocco, Maher Khalife, and Costantino Balestra Hypoxia, even at non-lethal levels, is one of the most stressful events for all aerobic organisms as it significantly affects a wide spectrum of physiological functions and energy production. Aerobic organisms activate countless molecular responses directed to respond at cellular, tissue, organ, and whole-body levels to cope with oxygen shortage allowing survival, including enhanced neo- angiogenesis and systemic oxygen delivery.

Authors: Jan Risberg, & Pieter-Jan van Ooij Depending on pO2 and exposure time hyperoxic breathing gas may cause injury in many organs including the lungs. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity (POT) may be asymptomatic, but will initially present as a tracheo- bronchitis in symptomatic subjects. A number of objective measurements of POT have been investigated, but the decrement in vital capacity (VC) has remained the most accepted outcome measure. The unit pulmonary toxic dose (UPTD). based on the pO2 and exposure time, has been established as the most common exposure index for POT in diving. Nevertheless, the K-index suggested by Arieli performs better and allows estimation of recovery.

Authors: HanWei Zhang, ZhiRen Tsai, Victor C. Kok, HsiaoChing Peng, YauHung Chen, Jeffrey J. P. Tsai, & Chung Y. Hsu We publish this report as many divers, ROV pilots, and supporting people are confronted with hydrocarbons. Major ambient air pollutants include particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, including total hydrocarbons (THCs). Primary non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) originate from vehicle emissions. The association between air pollution and urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is debatable. The authors investigated whether long term exposure to ambient hydrocarbons increases UBC risk among people aged ≥ 20 years in Taiwan.

Authors: Josep M. Casadesús, Javier NietoMoragas, Maria T. Serrando, Pere BoadasVaello, Ana Carrera, Fernando Aguirre, R. Shane Tubbs, Francisco Reina This study evaluates the usefulness of a histomorphometric digital analysis in detecting air space over-distension due to pulmonary barotrauma. It was performed on lung parenchyma specimens of 12 divers: six had died due to arterial gas embolism following pulmonary barotrauma (mean age at death of 54 years, range of 41–61 years), and six had drowned in saltwater without a diagnosis of pulmonary barotrauma (mean age at death of 54 years, range of 41–66 years) (positive controls).

23 - Complete Recovery of an Iatrogenic Venous Gaseous Embolism (VGE) Clinical Presentation Thanks to a Timely Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Treatment.

Authors: Vincenzo Zanon, Silvia Magri, Giulia Bonera, and Enrico Camporesi. Gas embolism is a potentially fatal occurrence in which bubbles are introduced into the arterial/venous circulation. Multi-focal ischemia could be a life-threatening scenario occurring after diving-related activities, pulmonary barotrauma, or even an iatrogenic procedure capable of causing an accidental introduction of gas into the vasculature. The reported case concerns the good outcome of one of these rare occurrences thanks to a prompt diagnosis and proper management of the ongoing gaseous lesion.

12 - Pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange during prolonged exercise in humans: Influence of dehydration, hyperthermia and sympathoadrenal activity.

Authors: José González-Alonso, José A. L. Calbet, Ricardo Mora- Rodríguez, Pascale Kippelen The authors evaluated the impact of combined versus isolated dehydration and hyperthermia and the effects of sympathoadrenal discharge on ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange during prolonged intense exercise.

19 - The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of perioperative peripheral nerve injury: a scoping review of the literature.

Authors: Connor TA Brenna, Shawn Khan, Rita Katznelson, Richard Brull This scoping review seeks to characterize rehabilitative outcomes when hyperbaric oxygen therapy is applied as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of perioperative peripheral nerve injury.

Authors: Beibei Dong, Yuanyuan Bai, Qi Jia , Lin Su, Xinyue Zhang, Shiquan Wang , Zongping Fang Stroke is a major health concern and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. The authors and other groups have documented that hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning could significantly alleviate neuronal damage in ischemia- reperfusion models through various mechanisms. However, they found that some of the subjects did not benefit from preconditioning with hyperbaric oxygen. The preconditioning phenomenon is similar to vaccination, in which the endogenous survival system is activated to fight against further injuries.

Authors: Ilaria Tarozzi, Lorenzo Franceschetti, Gianfranco Simonini, Silvia Raddi, Davide Machado, Valentina Bugelli The present study shows how the cooperation between a forensic underwater expert and a forensic pathologist played a crucial role in interpreting radiological findings, guiding the autopsy and confirming/denying circumstantial data emerging from the investigations.

Authors: Secil Ozkan Ata, Nazim Ata, Rifat Ugurlutan The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength values of five luting cements that are commonly used in dental restorations after exposed to hyperbaric pressure.

Authors: Clément Leveque, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Pierre Lafère, Alessandra Vezzoli, Peter Germonpré, Alexandre Beer, Stéphane Mievis, Fabio Virgili, Kate Lambrechts, , Sigrid Theunissen, François Guerrero, and Costantino Balestra The effects of oxygen over time and at different partial pressures remain poorly understood. In this study, the metabolic responses of normobaric oxygen intake for 1 h to mild (30%) and high (100%) inspired fractions were investigated.

Authors: Awadhesh K. Arya, Costantino Balestra, Veena M. Bhopale, Laura J. Tuominen, Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski, Emmanuel Dugrenot, Erwan L’Her, Abid R. Bhat, and Stephen R. Thom Blood-borne extracellular vesicles and inﬂammatory mediators were evaluated in divers using a closed circuit rebreathing apparatus and custom-mixed gases to diminish some diving risks.

Authors: Clara GaioLima, João Castedo, Mafalda Cruz, Margarida Candeias, Óscar Camacho Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with patients requiring radiotherapy. Patients’ survival rate has increased significantly, with an inevitable increase in the number of patients experiencing side effects from cancer therapy. One such effect is late radiation injuries in which hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears as complementary treatment. With this work the authors intend to divulge the results of applying hyperbaric oxygen therapy among patients presenting radiation lesions in our Hyperbaric Medicine Unit.

Authors: Munire K. Ozgok Kangal, Heather M. Murphy-Lavoie HPNS is one of the significant limitations of deep diving. This document reviews the evaluation and management of HPNS and explains the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition.

Published by the International Bioethics Study Group Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned.

27 - Incidence, outcomes and risk factors of barotrauma in veno- venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome

Authors: Yu Bai, Shengsong Chen, Zeyu Zhang, Xu Huang, Jingen Xia, Min Li, Qingyuan Zhan Although acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients are provided a lung rest strategy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment, the exact conditions of barotrauma is unclear. Therefore, The authors analyzed the epidemiology and risk factors for barotrauma in ARDS patients using ECMO in a single, large ECMO center in China.