scientific-2022-part-b

Scientific papers 2022 - Part B

Authors: Morgan Levenez, Kate Lambrechts, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Alessandra Vezzoli, Peter Germonpré, Hadrien Pique, Fabio Virgili, Gerardo Bosco, Pierre Lafère, and Costantino Balestra. Impaired flow mediated dilation (FMD), an index of vascular stress, is known after SCUBA diving. This is related to a dysfunction of nitric oxide (NO) availability and a disturbance of the redox status, possibly induced by hyperoxic/hyperbaric gas breathing. SCUBA diving is usually performed with a mask only covering “half-face” (HF) and therefore forcing oral breathing. Nasal NO production is involved in vascular homeostasis and, as a consequence, can significantly reduce NO possibly promoting vascular dysfunction. More recently, the utilization of a “full-face” (FF) mask, allowing nasal breathing, became more frequent, but no reports are available describing their effects on vascular functions compared to HF masks. In this study, the authors assessed and compared the effects of a standard shallow dive (20 min at 10 m) wearing either F or an HF mask on different markers of vascular function (FMD), oxidative stress (ROS, 8-iso- PGF2a), and NO availability and metabolism (NO2, NOx and 3-NT and iNOS expression).

Authors: Torkjel Tveita, Ingrid Eftedal, Sanjoy Deb. This paper discusses fast human adaptation to a new equilibrium such as ambient temperature and pressure, high altitude, water immersion, and immediate access to natural resources like food, water, shelter, etc.

Authors: Miguel Alvarez Villela, Sophia A. Dunworth, Bryan D. Kraft, Nicole P. Harlan, Michael J. Natoli, Hagir B. Suliman, and Richard E. Moon. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO 2 ) has been proposed as a pre- conditioning method to enhance exercise performance. Inadequate methodologies have limited most prior studies testing this effect. Its potential efficacy and mechanism of action remain unknown. The authors hypothesized that HBO 2 could enhance aerobic capacity by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis via redox signaling in skeletal muscle. HBO2 was administered in combination with high-intensity interval training HIIT), a potent redox stimulus known to induce mitochondrial biogenesis.

16 - Contribution of Adenosine in the Physiological Changes and Injuries Secondary to Exposure to Extreme Oxygen Pressure in Healthy Subjects

Authors: Alain Boussuges, Jeremy Bourenne, Farid Elouﬁr, Julien Fromonot, Giovanna Mottola, Jean Jacques Risso, Nicolas Vallee, Fabienne Bregeon, and Régis Guieu. Climbers and aviators are exposed to severe hypoxia at high altitudes, whereas divers are exposed to hyperoxia at depth. This study aimed to report changes in the adenosinergic system induced by exposure to extreme oxygen partial pressures.

Authors: Jean-Pierre Imbert, Salih-Murat Egi, and Costantino Balestra Decompression sickness (DCS) was the main concern of saturation diving safety, but procedures have evolved over the last 50 years, and DCS has become a rare event. New needs have evolved to evaluate the diving and decompression stress to improve the flexibility of the operations (minimum interval between dives, optimal oxygen levels, etc.). This paper discusses the authors' monitoring of this stress during actual saturation operations.

Authors: Jean Morin, Nicolas Vallée, Pierre-Louis Dufresne, Sarah Rives, Henri Lehot, Lucille Daubresse, Romain Roffi, Arnaud Druelle, Pierre-Julien Cungi, and Jean-Eric Blatteau This study analyzes 200 medical records of military divers suspected of COVID-19 contamination between April 2020 and February 2021. The data collected included physical examination, ECG, blood biochemistry, chest CT scan, and spirometry

Authors: Sung Kyun Kim, Sung Jun Han, Seok Jin Hong, and Seok Min Hong Ear canal skin is directly attached to bone or cartilage, and is also connected to the eardrum. Acute otitis externa is cellulitis of the ear canal skin and subdermal tissue associated with acute inflammation and variable edema. The authors characterized the microbiome of the normal ear canal and ear canal with otitis externa.

Authors:D. Limanan & F. Ferdinal This document is to be linked to the undesirable effects of oxygen described in our handbooks: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can damage all macromolecules, such as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. That can contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, CVD, and aging (Oxidative Damage ) Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency in either the delivery or the utilization of oxygen at the tissue level, which can lead to changes in the body's function, metabolism, and even structure, and could be used for drug development and disease treatment.

Authors: JS Kelly & JP Delaney Cold-water swimming has recently attracted academic interest as a lifestyle therapy for improving mood and reducing depression (Kelly & Bird, 2022; Massey et al 2020; Van Tulleken et al, 2018). However, sudden immersion in cold-water is not without significant risk to health, including increased blood pressure, increased risk of abnormal cardiac events, and death! (Tipton et al, 2017), these are considered to result from the cold shock response.

Authors: Jean-Pierre Imbert, Jean-Yves Massimelli, Ajit Kulkarni, Lyubisa Matity, & Philip Bryson Saturation diving is a specialised method of intervention in offshore commercial diving. Emergencies may require the crew to be evacuated from the diving support vessel. Because saturation divers generally need several days to reach surface, the emergency evacuation of divers is based on dedicated hyperbaric rescue systems. There are still potential situations for which these systems cannot be used or deployed, and where an emergency decompression provides an alternative solution.

Authors: Emmanuel Gouin, Costantino Balestra, Jeremy Orsat, Emmanuel Dugrenot, and Erwan L’Her The use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) in recreational diving is gaining interest. However, data regarding its physiological effects are still scarce. Immersion, cold water, hyperoxia, exercise or the equipment itself could challenge the cardiopulmonary system. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of CCR diving on lung function and autonomous cardiac activity after a series of CCR dives in cold water.

Authors: Daniel Popa, Craig Kutz, Morgan Carlile, Kaighley Brett, Esteban A Moya, Frank Powell, Peter Witucki, Richard Sadler, Charlotte Sadler Faults or errors during use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) can cause hypoxia. Military aviators face a similar risk of hypoxia and undergo awareness training to determine their ‘hypoxia signature’, a personalised, reproducible set of symptoms. The authors aimed to establish a hypoxia signature among divers, and to investigate their ability to detect hypoxia and self-rescue while cognitively overloaded.

Authors: Michele Salvagno, Giacomo Coppalini, Fabio Silvio Taccone, Giacomo Strapazzon, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Monica Rocco, Maher Khalife, and Costantino Balestra Hypoxia, even at non-lethal levels, is one of the most stressful events for all aerobic organisms as it significantly affects a wide spectrum of physiological functions and energy production. Aerobic organisms activate countless molecular responses directed to respond at cellular, tissue, organ, and whole-body levels to cope with oxygen shortage allowing survival, including enhanced neo- angiogenesis and systemic oxygen delivery.

Authors: Jan Risberg, & Pieter-Jan van Ooij Depending on pO2 and exposure time hyperoxic breathing gas may cause injury in many organs including the lungs. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity (POT) may be asymptomatic, but will initially present as a tracheo- bronchitis in symptomatic subjects. A number of objective measurements of POT have been investigated, but the decrement in vital capacity (VC) has remained the most accepted outcome measure. The unit pulmonary toxic dose (UPTD). based on the pO2 and exposure time, has been established as the most common exposure index for POT in diving. Nevertheless, the K-index suggested by Arieli performs better and allows estimation of recovery.

Authors: HanWei Zhang, ZhiRen Tsai, Victor C. Kok, HsiaoChing Peng, YauHung Chen, Jeffrey J. P. Tsai, & Chung Y. Hsu We publish this report as many divers, ROV pilots, and supporting people are confronted with hydrocarbons. Major ambient air pollutants include particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, including total hydrocarbons (THCs). Primary non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) originate from vehicle emissions. The association between air pollution and urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is debatable. The authors investigated whether long term exposure to ambient hydrocarbons increases UBC risk among people aged ≥ 20 years in Taiwan.

Authors: Josep M. Casadesús, Javier NietoMoragas, Maria T. Serrando, Pere BoadasVaello, Ana Carrera, Fernando Aguirre, R. Shane Tubbs, Francisco Reina This study evaluates the usefulness of a histomorphometric digital analysis in detecting air space over-distension due to pulmonary barotrauma. It was performed on lung parenchyma specimens of 12 divers: six had died due to arterial gas embolism following pulmonary barotrauma (mean age at death of 54 years, range of 41–61 years), and six had drowned in saltwater without a diagnosis of pulmonary barotrauma (mean age at death of 54 years, range of 41–66 years) (positive controls).

42 - Complete Recovery of an Iatrogenic Venous Gaseous Embolism (VGE) Clinical Presentation Thanks to a Timely Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Treatment.

Authors: Vincenzo Zanon, Silvia Magri, Giulia Bonera, and Enrico Camporesi. Gas embolism is a potentially fatal occurrence in which bubbles are introduced into the arterial/venous circulation. Multi-focal ischemia could be a life-threatening scenario occurring after diving-related activities, pulmonary barotrauma, or even an iatrogenic procedure capable of causing an accidental introduction of gas into the vasculature. The reported case concerns the good outcome of one of these rare occurrences thanks to a prompt diagnosis and proper management of the ongoing gaseous lesion.

21 - Pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange during prolonged exercise in humans: Influence of dehydration, hyperthermia and sympathoadrenal activity.

Authors: José González-Alonso, José A. L. Calbet, Ricardo Mora- Rodríguez, Pascale Kippelen The authors evaluated the impact of combined versus isolated dehydration and hyperthermia and the effects of sympathoadrenal discharge on ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange during prolonged intense exercise.

33 - The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of perioperative peripheral nerve injury: a scoping review of the literature.

Authors: Connor TA Brenna, Shawn Khan, Rita Katznelson, Richard Brull This scoping review seeks to characterize rehabilitative outcomes when hyperbaric oxygen therapy is applied as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of perioperative peripheral nerve injury.

Authors: Beibei Dong, Yuanyuan Bai, Qi Jia , Lin Su, Xinyue Zhang, Shiquan Wang , Zongping Fang Stroke is a major health concern and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. The authors and other groups have documented that hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning could significantly alleviate neuronal damage in ischemia- reperfusion models through various mechanisms. However, they found that some of the subjects did not benefit from preconditioning with hyperbaric oxygen. The preconditioning phenomenon is similar to vaccination, in which the endogenous survival system is activated to fight against further injuries.

Authors: Ilaria Tarozzi, Lorenzo Franceschetti, Gianfranco Simonini, Silvia Raddi, Davide Machado, Valentina Bugelli The present study shows how the cooperation between a forensic underwater expert and a forensic pathologist played a crucial role in interpreting radiological findings, guiding the autopsy and confirming/denying circumstantial data emerging from the investigations.

Authors: Secil Ozkan Ata, Nazim Ata, Rifat Ugurlutan The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength values of five luting cements that are commonly used in dental restorations after exposed to hyperbaric pressure.

Authors: Clément Leveque, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Pierre Lafère, Alessandra Vezzoli, Peter Germonpré, Alexandre Beer, Stéphane Mievis, Fabio Virgili, Kate Lambrechts, , Sigrid Theunissen, François Guerrero, and Costantino Balestra The effects of oxygen over time and at different partial pressures remain poorly understood. In this study, the metabolic responses of normobaric oxygen intake for 1 h to mild (30%) and high (100%) inspired fractions were investigated.

Authors: Awadhesh K. Arya, Costantino Balestra, Veena M. Bhopale, Laura J. Tuominen, Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski, Emmanuel Dugrenot, Erwan L’Her, Abid R. Bhat, and Stephen R. Thom Blood-borne extracellular vesicles and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in divers using a closed circuit rebreathing apparatus and custom-mixed gases to diminish some diving risks.

Authors: Clara GaioLima, João Castedo, Mafalda Cruz, Margarida Candeias, Óscar Camacho Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with patients requiring radiotherapy. Patients’ survival rate has increased significantly, with an inevitable increase in the number of patients experiencing side effects from cancer therapy. One such effect is late radiation injuries in which hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears as complementary treatment. With this work the authors intend to divulge the results of applying hyperbaric oxygen therapy among patients presenting radiation lesions in our Hyperbaric Medicine Unit.

Authors: Munire K. Ozgok Kangal, Heather M. Murphy-Lavoie HPNS is one of the significant limitations of deep diving. This document reviews the evaluation and management of HPNS and explains the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition.

Published by the International Bioethics Study Group Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned.

49 - Incidence, outcomes and risk factors of barotrauma in veno- venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome

Authors: Yu Bai, Shengsong Chen, Zeyu Zhang, Xu Huang, Jingen Xia, Min Li, Qingyuan Zhan Although acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients are provided a lung rest strategy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment, the exact conditions of barotrauma is unclear. Therefore, The authors analyzed the epidemiology and risk factors for barotrauma in ARDS patients using ECMO in a single, large ECMO center in China.

Authors: Nadiawati Abdul Razak, Victor Feizal Knight Naval scuba-diving is part of military training and follows the standard military diving manuals and protocols. This review discusses the pathophysiology and presentation of barotrauma, its associated hazards, and the medical management of the divers, including the roles of compression chambers for treatment and post-mortem purposes.

Authors: Karen R. Kelly, Laura J. Arrington, Jake R. Bernards, and Andrew E. Jensen Cold water exposure poses a unique physiological challenge to the human body. Normally, water submersion increases activation of parasympathetic tone to induce bradycardia in order to compensate for hemodynamic shifts and reduce oxygen consumption by peripheral tissues. However, elevated stress, such as that which may occur due to prolonged cold exposure, may shift the sympatho-vagal balance towards sympathetic activation, which may potentially negate the dive reflex and impact thermoregulation.

Authors: Pierre Lafère, Peter Germonpré, and Costantino Balestra Experience from treating diving accidents indicates that a large proportion of divers suffering from pulmonary barotrauma (PBT) or arterial gas embolism (AGE) were engaged in training dives, specifically emergency free ascent (EFA). The authors attempted to verify this relationship and calculate, if possible, the risk associated with normal recreational dives, training dives, and EFA training dives.

Authors: James P. Fisher, Johanna Roche, Rachel Turner, Anna Walzl, Giulia Roveri, Hannes Gatterer, and Christoph Siebenmann The authors sought to determine the effects of prolonged moderate hypobaric hypoxia (HH) on cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) in young women and whether these effects are a consequence of the reduced arterial oxygen (O2) tension and/or increased pulmonary ventilation in HH. They hypothesized that HH would reduce cBRS, and that this effect would be counteracted by the acute restoration of the inspiratory partial pressure of O2 and/or voluntary attenuation of pulmonary ventilation.

10 - Studies on saturation diving in Poland and practical application of their findings. Part 2B. Developing a Polish system of saturation diving in the 1980s and 1990s

Authors: Stanisław Skrzynski, Grzegorz Grzeczka This article is part of a series of articles on the research and deployment of saturation diving technology in Poland. This part discusses Polish specificities and achievements against the background of economic and historical contexts. It describes the creation of the foundation for saturation diving in the times of economic hardship in the country.

Authors: Johanna Roche, Peter Rasmussen, Hannes Gatterer, Giulia Roveri, Rachel Turner, Gerrit van Hall, Marc Maillard, Anna Walzl, Michael Kob, Giacomo Strapazzon, Jens Peter Goetze, Simon Thomas Schafer, Tobias Kammerer, Elie Nader, Philippe Connes, Melanie Robert, Thomas Mueller, Eric Feraille, and Christoph Siebenmann The authors previously reported that hypobaric hypoxia (HH) reduces plasma volume (PV) in men by decreasing the total circulating plasma protein (TCPP). In this study, the researchers investigated whether this applies to women and whether an in flammatory response and/or endothelial glycocalyx could facilitate the TCCP reduction.

37 - A case of transanal barotrauma by high-pressure compressed air leading to transverse colon perforation with extensive colon serosal tear

Authors: Takayuki Tanaka, Shinichiro Ito, Takahiro Ikeda, Shun Yamaguchi, Shunsuke Kawakami, Tomoo Kitajima, Yusuke Inoue, Kengo Kanetaka, Toru Iwata, Susumu Eguchi The authors report a case of transverse colon perforation caused by a compressed-air gun in a 20-year-old male. He used a compressed air machine to dust after work, and a coworker inserted compressed air transanally as a joke. Although he returned home once, he consulted a hospital due to worsening abdominal pain. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) revealed a massive amount of free air.

Authors: Yun Mukmin Akbar, Ani Melani Maskoen, Endah Mardiati, Ganesha Wandaw, Arlette Suzy Setiawan This review article aims to describe animal studies on the potential effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthodontic treatment. It was conducted using a systematic literature review method, which involved searching PubMed and Google Scholar for publications relevant to the research topics. The search was filtered to include only research on orthodontic treatment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy and was published in any year.

46 - Changes in body mass, appetite-related hormones, and appetite sensation in women during 4 days of hypobaric hypoxic exposure equivalent to 3,500-m Altitude

Authors: Hannes Gatterer, Johanna Roche, Rachel Turner, Giovanni Vinetti, Giulia Roveri, Maja Schlittler, Michael Kob, Anna Walzl, Tomas Dal Cappello, Tadej Debevec, and Christoph Siebenmann Altitude exposure may suppress appetite and, hence, provide a viable weight-loss strategy. While changes in food intake and availability, as well as physical activity, may contribute to altered appetite at altitude, herein, we aimed to investigate the isolated effects of hypobaric hypoxia on appetite regulation and sensation. Twelve healthy women completed two 4-day sojourns in a hypobaric chamber, one in normoxia,and one in hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to 3,500 m altitude.

Authors: Emmanuel Gouin, Costantino Balestra, Jeremy Orsat, Emmanuel Dugrenot, and Erwan L’Her The use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) in recreational diving is gaining interest. However, data regarding its physiological effects is still scarce. Immersion, cold water, hyperoxia, exercise, or the equipment itself could challenge the cardiopulmonary system. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of CCR diving on lung function and autonomous cardiac activity after a series of CCR dives in cold water..

Authors: Agni Febrina Pargaputri, Dwi Andriani, Mardiyanto Riski Hartono, Kharinna Widowati he liver is an organ that plays a role in metabolism and the detoxification of chemical substances. The excessive use of immunosuppressive drugs not only becomes a predisposing factor for oral candidiasis but also can cause damage and impairs liver function. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is known to preserve hepatocytes and prevent liver damage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on liver hepatocyte damage in oral candidiasis immunosuppressed rats.

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Authors: Seher Kurtul, Nejdiye Güngördü This paper describes the case of an artisanal diving fisherman who has worked underwater for many years and is now affected by degenerative changes in the acromioclavicular joint and osteonecrosis starting from the subcortical area of the humeral head and extending to the proximal shaft of the humerus. The authors conclude that dysbaric osteonecrosis is one of the most common long-term pathologies in professional divers who do not apply safe decompression procedures and use unsafe diving practices.

Authors: Xiao-chen Bao, Tao Yang, Yi-qun Fang, Yong-jun Sun, Nan Wang This study measured the lung function of divers after a single heliox dive to 80, 100 or 120 metres of seawater.During the dive, the divers breathed heliox and air, and then switched to oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber during surface decompression. Pulmonary function was measured twice before the dive, 30 minutes after the dive, and 24 hours after the dive. The authors concluded that a single deep heliox dive causes a transient decrease in forced vital capacity and maximal expiratory flow, which can be recovered 24 hours after surfacing.

Authors: Stian Lande Wekre, Halvor Dagssøn Landsverk, Jacky Lautridou, Astrid Hjelde, Jean Pierre Imbert, Costantino Balestra, and Ingrid Efteda Saturation divers are at risk of dehydration due to excessive fluid loss caused by hyperbaric pressure, water immersion, and hot water suits. Dehydration is associated with reduced mental and physical performance, resulting in an increased risk of work-related accidents. In this study, the authors evaluated the hydration status of divers during a saturation diving campaign at a working depth of 74 m using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and urine specific gravity (USG). The results showed that the divers maintained their hydration levels.

Authors: Giuliana Spadaro, Ilaria Tiddi, Simon Columbus, Shuxian Jin, Annette ten Teije, CoDa Team, and Daniel Balliet The authors developed a Cooperation Databank, which is a research platform that allows users to retrieve studies that test the relationship between variables and cooperation, visualize study results, and perform meta- analyses, metaregressions, estimates of publication bias, and statistical power analyses for future studies based on the available data set. They used visualization tools to leverage the dataset, enabling users to explore the ontology of concepts in cooperative research and to plot a citation network of the history of studies

Authors: Oscar Plogmark, Carl Hjelte, Magnus Ekström, Oskar Frånberg The objective of this study was to analyze the agreement between ultrasound bubble grades obtained from a handheld self-positioning product, the O'Dive, and 2D cardiac ultrasound after decompression. The conclusion is that the O'Dive produced lower venous gas embolism (VGE) grades compared to 2D cardiac ultrasound imaging, resulting in a low level of agreement (fair to poor) with weighted kappa* (weighted kappa* is a statistical measure used to evaluate the level of agreement between two raters or observers).

Authors: Muhammad Aulia Hikmah Romadoni, Dwi Rahmat, Eka Arie Yuliyani The aim of this study was to identify inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) in divers. The authors conclude that hyperbaric oxygen is the preferred therapy. However, there may be residual deficits in balance and hearing. In addition, they believe that diving should be conducted according to protocol, and information about decompression sickness should be provided to at-risk groups through education, counseling, or other media, in order to generate knowledge that is relevant to taking precautions.

02 - Extended lifetimes of bubbles at hyperbaric pressure may contribute to inner ear decompression sickness during saturation diving

Authors: David J. Doolette & Simon J. Mitchell This paper explains the findings of a study on Inner Ear Decompression Sickness (IEDCS) in the context of saturation diving. It evaluates whether IEDCS can be attributed to the arterialization of venous bubbles and their prolonged survival under deep saturation diving conditions and discusses the mechanisms by which venous bubbles might reach the inner ear, the conditions that make the inner ear more vulnerable to injury, and the implications of these findings for understanding IEDCS in saturation diving.

03 - The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on cognition, performance, proteomics, and telomere length—The difference between zero and one: A case report

Author: Joseph C. Maroon This document presents a case report on the effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO2) therapy on various health parameters, including neurocognition, cardiopulmonary function, neuroimaging, and biomarkers such as telomere length and proteomics. The author shares the results of a self-experiment involving 60 daily HBO2 therapy sessions over three months, highlighting improvements in cognitive function, cerebral perfusion, physical performance, and biomarker levels. He suggests that further studies with larger sample sizes and randomized clinical trials are necessary to validate these findings.

11 - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy promotes consciousness, cognitive function, and prognosis recovery in patients following traumatic brain injury through various pathways

Authors: Yuwen Chen, Liang Wang, Wenjun You, Fei Huang, Yingzi Jiang, Li Sun, Siye Wang, Su Liu This study investigated the effectiveness and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment in improving dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its authors evaluated the clinical curative effects of HBO treatment by comparing various clinical and biochemical parameters between a control group and an HBO-treated group. They conclude that HBO treatment improved consciousness, cognitive function, and overall prognosis in TBI patients through several mechanisms, including reducing hematoma volumes, enhancing EEG rhythms, and modulating the expression of specific biomarkers.

Authors: Kaitlin J. Mayne, Jennifer S. Lees, & William G. Herrington This document intends to explain bioimpedance devices, mainly focusing on their use in estimating body water and fat. It highlights the differences between bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and emphasizes the capabilities of the Fresenius Body Composition Monitor (BCM) in quantifying fluid overload independently of body composition.

Authors: Gerrit A. Martens, Lars P. Folkow, Thorsten Burmester, and Cornelia Geßner This study presents scientific research findings on the antioxidant defense mechanisms in the brains of marine mammals, specifically harp seals and hooded seals. The study focuses on the expression and activity of various antioxidant genes and enzymes in different brain regions and compares these findings to those in mice. It also explores whether there is evidence of positive selection in these antioxidant genes.

04 - Extended lifetimes of bubbles at hyperbaric pressure may contribute to inner ear decompression sickness during saturation diving.

Authors: David J. Doolette and Simon J. Mitchell This document explains the occurrence of Inner Ear Decompression Sickness (IEDCS) in saturation diving. It explores the mechanisms behind IEDCS, mainly focusing on the role of venous bubbles becoming arterialized and their dynamics in the inner ear under saturation diving conditions. Existing data and models are used to assess the likelihood and conditions under which these bubbles might cause IEDCS, emphasizing the vulnerability of the inner ear and the prolonged survival of arterialized bubbles at high ambient pressures.

05 - Varying Oxygen Partial Pressure Elicits Blood-Borne Microparticles Expressing Different Cell-Specific Proteins—Toward a Targeted Use of Oxygen ?

Authors: Costantino Balestra, Awadhesh K. Arya, Clément Leveque, Fabio Virgili, Peter Germonpré, Kate Lambrechts, Pierre Lafère, and Stephen R. Thom This study investigated the metabolic response of healthy subjects to different levels of oxygen exposure, both normobaric and hyperbaric to assess the effects of these exposures on various cellular markers and microparticles, with a focus on understanding the differential and sometimes opposite responses observed. It suggests that further research is needed to explore the potential applications of these findings.

Authors: Rienk Rienks, Mattijn Buwalda, Jeroen Bucx, Emile Dubois, Thijs Wingelaar, Rob van Hulst This document discusses the importance of establishing cardiovascular risk limits for divers, similar to those in aviation, to prevent fatal diving accidents. It highlights the lack of formal cardiovascular risk limits in diving and suggests using a modified risk formula to calculate the risk of harm, emphasizing the need for a cardiovascular risk management system, particularly for older divers, to reduce fatalities due to cardiovascular disease.

53 - Pulsatile gas-liquid flow resembling Decompression Sickness: Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation and experimental validation

Authors: Sotiris Evgenidis, Thodoris Karapantsios This paper describes a study that uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate pulsatile bubbly flow in a column, which mimics the flow inside the human vena cava during Decompression Sickness (DCS) to understand the effects of specific parameters on bubbly blood flow to aid in designing in-vitro experiments and in- vivo trials. It outlines the methods used, including specific software, highlighting the impact of bubble size on flow characteristics and the potential improvements in experimental design for bubble detection in DCS.