Guidelines for the design and construction of diving
systems other than those of the IMO: 1980 - 2016
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DNV GL rules for classification contain procedural and
technical requirements related to obtaining and retaining
a class certificate.
The rules represent all requirements adopted by the
Society as basis for classification.
This document supersedes the June 2013 edition of DNV-
STC-2.7-1.
The purpose of the revision of this service document is to
comply with the new DNV GL document reference
code system and profile requirements following the
merger between DNV and GL in 2013. Changes mainly
consist of updated company name and references to
other documents within the DNV GL portfolio.
This Guide has been developed to provide requirements
for the certification of offshore containers with a gross
mass not exceeding 25,000 kg (55,116 lb), intended for
repeated use to, from and between fixed or floating
installations and ships.
This document provides technical requirements for the
design, construction, testing and in-service surveys of
submersibles & diving systems.
The January 2020 edition of the Rules for Building and
Classing Underwater Vehicles, Systems, and Hyperbaric
facilities incorporate all Rule Changes and Corrigenda
items since 2018. Requirements for underwater habitats
and complexes have been added.
The oxygen compatibility of six polymers used in oxygen
service was evaluated after 48 hr exposures at 121
degrees C (250 degrees F) to oxygen pressures of 620
and 6200 kPa (90 and 900 psi). Three elastomers were
tested: Choroprene rubber (C873-70), fluorocarbon
rubber (Viton), and silicone rubber (MVQ type); and three
thermoplastics were tested: polyhexamethylene
adipamide (Zytel), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon),
and polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Neoflon). Post-aged
changes in mass, dimensions, tensile strength, elongation
at break, durometer hardness, and thermomechanical
properties were evaluated.
Authors:
Asterios Kosmaras, Dimitrios Tzetzis, Panagiotis Kyratsis.
This paper discusses the design of an oxygen regulator for
medical use. Its conceptual design procedure starts with
research on the main elements, the pressure regulator's
operating principles, and the existing technologies. The
sizing guidelines and the essential calculations to be
made are also discussed. The features discussed in this
document should be considered for the conception and
implementation of oxygen diving regulators.
Authors: Micheal Wolf, & Petr Eret.
This master thesis regarding the conception of
reciprocating compressor valves explains that these parts
are essential as their failure leads to shutdown and costly
downtimes. For this reason and because they are highly
solicited, the author explains that designers have to bear
in mind that these parts must be reliable and be able to
operate efficiently in adverse conditions, such as when
liquids and debris are in the gas stream.
Authors:
Lei Shao, Guoliang Xie, Cheng Zhang, Xiao Liu, Wanran
Lu, Guangyu He, and Jinfeng Huang.
Metal combustion is one of the main issues threatening
service safety in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. This paper
reviews the recent development of metal combustion in
oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Test methods under three
standard conditions and combustion behaviors of three
typical metals are mainly discussed. The future
development trend of metal combustion in oxygen-
enriched atmospheres is also forecasted.
Authors: Anas Obeidat, Thomas Andreas, Stephane P.A.
Bordas, & Andreas Zilian.
Gas-dynamic pressure surges and adiabatic compression
phenomena are generally hard to predict numerically. In
this contribution, the authors studied the effect of the
pressure reserve capacity on the compressible gas-
dynamics pressure surge and adiabatic compression in a
fitted respirator oxygen valve geometry.
Author: John Graf
As submarines were required to accomplish longer and
longer submerged periods of operation, the need to
manage normal and emergency life support supplies
became a priority. Sodium chlorate candles are a very
efficient means of storing oxygen with a mass of oxygen
per unit of volume greater than compressed oxygen. The
volume efficiency of candles is almost equal to that of
liquid oxygen without the dangers and equipment issues
of cryogenic storage. These devices are known by several
names: Oxygen Candles, Chlorate Candles, SCOG (either
Solid Chemical Oxygen Generator or Self-Contained
Oxygen Generator) and SFOG (pronounced "S-FOG,"
Solid Fuel Oxygen Generator).
IMO has issued MSC/Circ.860 Guidelines for the approval
of offshore containers handled in open seas. This circular
is intended to assist the competent authorities in
developing the requirements for approving the offshore
containers. IMO requires that all intermodal containers
conform to the requirements of the International
Convention for Safe Containers (CSC). The requirements
of the CSC convention may not be applicable to offshore
containers primarily due to non-standard designs,
exposure to the marine environment for extended
periods as well as the lifting of offshore containers by
padeyes. EN 12079 has been published based on the
MSC/Circ.860 and is currently used as an International
industry standard to approve offshore containers
Authors: Francesca Drago, Paolo Fedeli, Angelo Cavaliere,
Andrea Cammi, Stefano Passoni, Riccardo Mereu,
Stefano De La Pierre, Federico Smeacetto, and
Monica Ferraris.
The integration of oxygen transport membranes in
industrial processes can lead to energy and economic
advantages, but proof of concept membrane modules are
highly necessary to demonstrate the feasibility of this
technology. In this work, the authors describe the
development of a lab-scale module through a
comprehensive study that takes into consideration all the
relevant technological aspects to achieve a prototype
ready to be operated in industrial environment.
Authors:
Salih Murat Egi, Pierre-Yves Cousteau, Massimo Pieri, Carlo
Cerrano, Tamer Özyigit, and Alessandro Marroni
Dive computers have an important potential for citizen
science projects where recreational SCUBA divers can
upload the depth temperature profile and the geolocation
of the dive to a central database which may provide
useful information about the subsurface temperature of
the oceans.
However, their accuracy may not be adequate and needs
to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the
accuracy and precision of dive computers and provide
guidelines in order to enable their contribution to citizen
science projects.
Authors:
Miraç Memisoglu, amer Özyigit, Seçil Satir, Salih Murat Egi
Diving computers on the market are based on embedded
systems where the user cannot reprogram the units
except entering limited number of dive parameters such
as the content of cylinders and the conservatism of the
computation.
An innovative system is designed and patented by the
authors for implementing a diver carried computer using a
mobile phone inside a pressure and waterproof housing
in combination with an
external microcontroller based electronic module.
Author: Y Yasemin
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas and must be
removed from where it is found or formed. A promising
technique to achieve this is chosen. The aim of this study
was to develop a membrane that holds the gas in
processes and places where H2S can occur and in order
to prevent possible threats.
The membrane was prepared by loading copper sulfate
into a polymeric resin with mechanical mixing.
Author: Stephen Butler
High-pressure gas cylinders (also called tubes) are certified
for continued use once they pass their periodic inspection
and test. The previously accepted practice for testing the
cylinders was the hydrostatic proof test, known as ‘hydro
test’, where water is introduced before it is pressurized to
the cylinder’s test pressure, commonly one and a half
times the operating pressure.
The problems caused by the hydro testing of high-
pressure gas cylinders in offshore vessels include concerns
over safety, the long time required to complete the tests,
and the expense. On the opposite, acoustic emission (AE)
testing is claimed to be faster, cheaper, and safer.
Author: Karl E. Huggins
Dive computers are standard pieces of equipment in
recreational, scientific, and military diving. However, many
commercial diving regulations state that they cannot be
used to determine decompression status. The dive
computer’s ability to continually update decompression
status results in more efficient use of dive time. Because
few human subject studies have been performed to
validate dive computer decompression algorithms, there
needs to be a method to evaluate the associated
decompression risk for commercial diving use. This
evaluation protocol would approve, or reject, specific
decompression algorithms.
Authors:
Andreas Schuster, Olivier Castagna, Bruno Schmid, Tobias
Cibis, and Arne Sieber
A new device was developed and tested in a series of
diving experiments investigating the physiological effects
of immersion on military divers for long periods (8 h to 12
h). During these experiments, the body temperature
(core and skin) and electrocardiogram (ECG) of the divers
were recorded and monitored in real time.
Authors: Nicusor Chiripici, Amil Avram, Laurentiu Mocanu
The risks of radioactive water contamination are high
today and divers can make a decisive contribution to
removing these risks.
The equipment used and the diving procedures are
specific.
The specialists of the Research Laboratory, in collaboration
with those of the Hyperbaric Laboratory of the Diving
Center from Constanta, have contributed to the
development of this equipment and the diving
procedures in the radioactive contaminated environment.
Authors: Jinming Tian, Yue Zeng, Linhai Ji, Huimin Zhu
and Zu Guo
To meet the latest requirements for sensor quality testing
in the industry, the sample sensor needs to be placed in a
medium for the cold and hot shock tests. However, the
existing environmental test chamber cannot effectively
control the temperature of the sample in the medium.
This paper presents a control method that utilizes the
support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm and
K-means clustering, combined with neural network
correction.
Authors: Arnaud Druelle, Lucille Daubresse, Jean U
Mullot, hélène Streit, Pierre Louge
Without an adequate supply of oxygen from the scuba
apparatus, humans would not be able to dive. The air
normally contained in a scuba tank is dry and free of toxic
gases. The presence of liquid in the tank can cause
corrosion and alter the composition of the gas mixture.
Various chemical reactions consume oxygen, making the
mixture hypoxic. The authors present two cases of internal
corrosion in scuba cylinders resulting in the respired gas
becoming profoundly hypoxic, which caused immediate
loss of consciousness in divers.
Author: Ryszard Klos
This paper is the result of extensive work and numerous
research projects. During these projects, a new
mathematical model for ventilating a semi-closed
rebreather was developed. To validate this model, a
simulator was created to mimic gas exchange during
breathing. This device allowed for the experimental
validation of our proposed model. The model was also
adapted to suit the ventilation processes in hyperbaric
chambers.
Author:
Ryszard Kłos - Polish Naval Academy, Department of
Underwater Work Technology, Poland
This article continues our series on diving technology
design, answering questions from readers and users
about the systems discussed previously. It also covers the
recent NATO Working Group meeting debates, where
the Polish team showcased various decompression
methods.
Authors: Lyubisa Matity, Francois Burman, Jacek Kot,
Joseph Caruana
Hyperbaric chamber ventilation (HCV) involves pumping
fresh gas, such as air, oxygen, or heliox, into a pressurized
hyperbaric chamber to clear out stale or contaminated air.
The minimum continuous HCV rate is usually determined
based on mathematical models that balance the mass of
contaminants in a well-mixed space. However, these
models might not always be reliable if the distribution of
contaminants inside the chamber is not uniform.
Author: Tye Langston, Shane Singh, and Jeffrey Hunt
This study measured and analyzed the noise
characteristics of a commonly used diving helmet, the
Kirby Morgan 37, under various simulated diving
conditions to understand how different factors such as
depth, breathing rate, and type of breathing gas affect the
noise levels experienced by divers, and to highlight the
potential impact on divers' hearing health.
Author: Coda Octopus
This document describes and promotes the features and
capabilities of the Diver Augmented Vision Display
(DAVD) system. It informs potential users, such as dive
supervisors and divers, about the advanced functionalities
of the DAVD system, including its high-resolution head-up
display, real-time 3D imagery, communication capabilities,
and its applications in various diving scenarios. It highlights
the benefits of the system in enhancing diver safety,
efficiency, and mission outcomes through advanced
technology and seamless surface-to-diver communication.
Authors:
Richard Viking Lundell, Tomi Wuorimaa, Anne Räisänen-
Sokolowski, Johnny KM Sundholm, Hannu Rintamäki,
Sirkka Rissanen, Kai Parkkola
This study aims to determine whether argon provides
better thermal insulation, thereby reducing heat loss and
enhancing diver safety. The results suggest that argon
may be superior to air in maintaining skin temperature,
potentially making diving safer and reducing risks
associated with cold exposure.
This text provides information on Poland's history,
development, and achievements of saturation diving
technology during the years 1967 - 1985. It aims to
highlight Poland's contributions and advancements in this
field, mainly through the Meduza and Geonur
underwater habitats, while also discussing the challenges
and methodologies involved in saturation diving. It seeks
to provide a comprehensive overview of the technical,
medical, and organizational aspects of saturation diving,
emphasizing its significance and ongoing relevance
despite advancements in related fields.
This text provides information on Poland's history,
development, and achievements of saturation diving
technology during the years 1967 - 1985. It aims to
highlight Poland's contributions and advancements in this
field, mainly through the Meduza and Geonur
underwater habitats, while also discussing the challenges
and methodologies involved in saturation diving. It seeks
to provide a comprehensive overview of the technical,
medical, and organizational aspects of saturation diving,
emphasizing its significance and ongoing relevance
despite advancements in related fields.
This text, which continues part 1, intends to inform and
discuss the historical and technical development of
saturation diving technology in Poland during the eighties
and nineties. It provides an overview of the Polish context,
achievements, and the economic and historical
circumstances that influenced the development of this
technology during this period. The text also seeks to
highlight the contributions of key figures in the field, the
creation of the Polish saturation diving system, and the
ongoing relevance and implementation of the outcomes
from past programs
This text, which continues with parts 1 and 2, provides an
informative overview of the development and
implementation of saturation diving technology in Poland
during the 1990s, particularly about the offshore mining
industry. It aims to highlight the historical and economic
context, the challenges faced, and the key players
involved in the process. The article also seeks to emphasize
the significance of technological advancements and
collaborations that have contributed to the growth of this
industry in Poland.
This text, which continues with parts 1 and 2, provides an
informative overview of the development and
implementation of saturation diving technology in Poland
during the 1990s, particularly about the offshore mining
industry. It aims to highlight the historical and economic
context, the challenges faced, and the key players
involved in the process. The article also seeks to emphasize
the significance of technological advancements and
collaborations that have contributed to the growth of this
industry in Poland.
Authors: Zbigniew Talaska
This paper describes the author's research efforts to
organize and compare the types of losses in technical and
functional properties of diving equipment with those in
other fields that use technical equipment. The author aims
to fill a gap in the analysis of diving technology from an
exploitation perspective by reviewing and matching
existing literature and personal materials to identify
similarities in the loss of technical and functional properties
across different domains.
