diving systems-2017-now

Guidelines for the design and construction of diving systems other than those of the IMO: 2017 - Now

DNV GL rules for classification contain procedural and technical requirements related to obtaining and retaining a class certificate. The rules represent all requirements adopted by the Society as basis for classification.

This document supersedes the June 2013 edition of DNV- STC-2.7-1. The purpose of the revision of this service document is to comply with the new DNV GL document reference code system and profile requirements following the merger between DNV and GL in 2013. Changes mainly consist of updated company name and references to other documents within the DNV GL portfolio.

This Guide has been developed to provide requirements for the certification of offshore containers with a gross mass not exceeding 25,000 kg (55,116 lb), intended for repeated use to, from and between fixed or floating installations and ships.

This document provides technical requirements for the design, construction, testing and in-service surveys of submersibles & diving systems.

The January 2020 edition of the Rules for Building and Classing Underwater Vehicles, Systems, and Hyperbaric facilities incorporate all Rule Changes and Corrigenda items since 2018. Requirements for underwater habitats and complexes have been added.

The oxygen compatibility of six polymers used in oxygen service was evaluated after 48 hr exposures at 121 degrees C (250 degrees F) to oxygen pressures of 620 and 6200 kPa (90 and 900 psi). Three elastomers were tested: Choroprene rubber (C873-70), fluorocarbon rubber (Viton), and silicone rubber (MVQ type); and three thermoplastics were tested: polyhexamethylene adipamide (Zytel), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon), and polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Neoflon). Post-aged changes in mass, dimensions, tensile strength, elongation at break, durometer hardness, and thermomechanical properties were evaluated.

Authors: Asterios Kosmaras, Dimitrios Tzetzis, Panagiotis Kyratsis. This paper discusses the design of an oxygen regulator for medical use. Its conceptual design procedure starts with research on the main elements, the pressure regulator's operating principles, and the existing technologies. The sizing guidelines and the essential calculations to be made are also discussed. The features discussed in this document should be considered for the conception and implementation of oxygen diving regulators.

Authors: Micheal Wolf, & Petr Eret. This master thesis regarding the conception of reciprocating compressor valves explains that these parts are essential as their failure leads to shutdown and costly downtimes. For this reason and because they are highly solicited, the author explains that designers have to bear in mind that these parts must be reliable and be able to operate efficiently in adverse conditions, such as when liquids and debris are in the gas stream.

Authors: Lei Shao, Guoliang Xie, Cheng Zhang, Xiao Liu, Wanran Lu, Guangyu He, and Jinfeng Huang. Metal combustion is one of the main issues threatening service safety in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. This paper reviews the recent development of metal combustion in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Test methods under three standard conditions and combustion behaviors of three typical metals are mainly discussed. The future development trend of metal combustion in oxygen- enriched atmospheres is also forecasted.

Authors: Anas Obeidat, Thomas Andreas, Stephane P.A. Bordas, & Andreas Zilian. Gas-dynamic pressure surges and adiabatic compression phenomena are generally hard to predict numerically. In this contribution, the authors studied the effect of the pressure reserve capacity on the compressible gas- dynamics pressure surge and adiabatic compression in a fitted respirator oxygen valve geometry.

Author: John Graf As submarines were required to accomplish longer and longer submerged periods of operation, the need to manage normal and emergency life support supplies became a priority. Sodium chlorate candles are a very efficient means of storing oxygen with a mass of oxygen per unit of volume greater than compressed oxygen. The volume efficiency of candles is almost equal to that of liquid oxygen without the dangers and equipment issues of cryogenic storage. These devices are known by several names: Oxygen Candles, Chlorate Candles, SCOG (either Solid Chemical Oxygen Generator or Self-Contained Oxygen Generator) and SFOG (pronounced "S-FOG," Solid Fuel Oxygen Generator).

IMO has issued MSC/Circ.860 Guidelines for the approval of offshore containers handled in open seas. This circular is intended to assist the competent authorities in developing the requirements for approving the offshore containers. IMO requires that all intermodal containers conform to the requirements of the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC). The requirements of the CSC convention may not be applicable to offshore containers primarily due to non-standard designs, exposure to the marine environment for extended periods as well as the lifting of offshore containers by padeyes. EN 12079 has been published based on the MSC/Circ.860 and is currently used as an International industry standard to approve offshore containers

Authors: Francesca Drago, Paolo Fedeli, Angelo Cavaliere, Andrea Cammi, Stefano Passoni, Riccardo Mereu, Stefano De La Pierre, Federico Smeacetto, and Monica Ferraris. The integration of oxygen transport membranes in industrial processes can lead to energy and economic advantages, but proof of concept membrane modules are highly necessary to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology. In this work, the authors describe the development of a lab-scale module through a comprehensive study that takes into consideration all the relevant technological aspects to achieve a prototype ready to be operated in industrial environment.

Authors: Salih Murat Egi, Pierre-Yves Cousteau, Massimo Pieri, Carlo Cerrano, Tamer Özyigit, and Alessandro Marroni Dive computers have an important potential for citizen science projects where recreational SCUBA divers can upload the depth temperature profile and the geolocation of the dive to a central database which may provide useful information about the subsurface temperature of the oceans. However, their accuracy may not be adequate and needs to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and precision of dive computers and provide guidelines in order to enable their contribution to citizen science projects.

Authors: Miraç Memisoglu, amer Özyigit, Seçil Satir, Salih Murat Egi Diving computers on the market are based on embedded systems where the user cannot reprogram the units except entering limited number of dive parameters such as the content of cylinders and the conservatism of the computation. An innovative system is designed and patented by the authors for implementing a diver carried computer using a mobile phone inside a pressure and waterproof housing in combination with an external microcontroller based electronic module.

Author: Y Yasemin Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas and must be removed from where it is found or formed. A promising technique to achieve this is chosen. The aim of this study was to develop a membrane that holds the gas in processes and places where H2S can occur and in order to prevent possible threats. The membrane was prepared by loading copper sulfate into a polymeric resin with mechanical mixing.

Author: Stephen Butler High-pressure gas cylinders (also called tubes) are certified for continued use once they pass their periodic inspection and test. The previously accepted practice for testing the cylinders was the hydrostatic proof test, known as ‘hydro test’, where water is introduced before it is pressurized to the cylinder’s test pressure, commonly one and a half times the operating pressure. The problems caused by the hydro testing of high- pressure gas cylinders in offshore vessels include concerns over safety, the long time required to complete the tests, and the expense. On the opposite, acoustic emission (AE) testing is claimed to be faster, cheaper, and safer.

Author: Karl E. Huggins Dive computers are standard pieces of equipment in recreational, scientific, and military diving. However, many commercial diving regulations state that they cannot be used to determine decompression status. The dive computer’s ability to continually update decompression status results in more efficient use of dive time. Because few human subject studies have been performed to validate dive computer decompression algorithms, there needs to be a method to evaluate the associated decompression risk for commercial diving use. This evaluation protocol would approve, or reject, specific decompression algorithms.

Authors: Andreas Schuster, Olivier Castagna, Bruno Schmid, Tobias Cibis, and Arne Sieber A new device was developed and tested in a series of diving experiments investigating the physiological effects of immersion on military divers for long periods (8 h to 12 h). During these experiments, the body temperature (core and skin) and electrocardiogram (ECG) of the divers were recorded and monitored in real time.

Authors: Nicusor Chiripici, Amil Avram, Laurentiu Mocanu The risks of radioactive water contamination are high today and divers can make a decisive contribution to removing these risks. The equipment used and the diving procedures are specific. The specialists of the Research Laboratory, in collaboration with those of the Hyperbaric Laboratory of the Diving Center from Constanta, have contributed to the development of this equipment and the diving procedures in the radioactive contaminated environment.

Authors: Jinming Tian, Yue Zeng, Linhai Ji, Huimin Zhu and Zu Guo To meet the latest requirements for sensor quality testing in the industry, the sample sensor needs to be placed in a medium for the cold and hot shock tests. However, the existing environmental test chamber cannot effectively control the temperature of the sample in the medium. This paper presents a control method that utilizes the support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm and K-means clustering, combined with neural network correction.

Authors: Arnaud Druelle, Lucille Daubresse, Jean U Mullot, hélène Streit, Pierre Louge Without an adequate supply of oxygen from the scuba apparatus, humans would not be able to dive. The air normally contained in a scuba tank is dry and free of toxic gases. The presence of liquid in the tank can cause corrosion and alter the composition of the gas mixture. Various chemical reactions consume oxygen, making the mixture hypoxic. The authors present two cases of internal corrosion in scuba cylinders resulting in the respired gas becoming profoundly hypoxic, which caused immediate loss of consciousness in divers.

Author: Ryszard Klos This paper is the result of extensive work and numerous research projects. During these projects, a new mathematical model for ventilating a semi-closed rebreather was developed. To validate this model, a simulator was created to mimic gas exchange during breathing. This device allowed for the experimental validation of our proposed model. The model was also adapted to suit the ventilation processes in hyperbaric chambers.

Author: Ryszard Kłos - Polish Naval Academy, Department of Underwater Work Technology, Poland This article continues our series on diving technology design, answering questions from readers and users about the systems discussed previously. It also covers the recent NATO Working Group meeting debates, where the Polish team showcased various decompression methods.

Authors: Lyubisa Matity, Francois Burman, Jacek Kot, Joseph Caruana Hyperbaric chamber ventilation (HCV) involves pumping fresh gas, such as air, oxygen, or heliox, into a pressurized hyperbaric chamber to clear out stale or contaminated air. The minimum continuous HCV rate is usually determined based on mathematical models that balance the mass of contaminants in a well-mixed space. However, these models might not always be reliable if the distribution of contaminants inside the chamber is not uniform.

Author: Tye Langston, Shane Singh, and Jeffrey Hunt This study measured and analyzed the noise characteristics of a commonly used diving helmet, the Kirby Morgan 37, under various simulated diving conditions to understand how different factors such as depth, breathing rate, and type of breathing gas affect the noise levels experienced by divers, and to highlight the potential impact on divers' hearing health.

Author: Coda Octopus This document describes and promotes the features and capabilities of the Diver Augmented Vision Display (DAVD) system. It informs potential users, such as dive supervisors and divers, about the advanced functionalities of the DAVD system, including its high-resolution head-up display, real-time 3D imagery, communication capabilities, and its applications in various diving scenarios. It highlights the benefits of the system in enhancing diver safety, efficiency, and mission outcomes through advanced technology and seamless surface-to-diver communication.

Authors: Richard Viking Lundell, Tomi Wuorimaa, Anne Räisänen- Sokolowski, Johnny KM Sundholm, Hannu Rintamäki, Sirkka Rissanen, Kai Parkkola This study aims to determine whether argon provides better thermal insulation, thereby reducing heat loss and enhancing diver safety. The results suggest that argon may be superior to air in maintaining skin temperature, potentially making diving safer and reducing risks associated with cold exposure.

This text provides information on Poland's history, development, and achievements of saturation diving technology during the years 1967 - 1985. It aims to highlight Poland's contributions and advancements in this field, mainly through the Meduza and Geonur underwater habitats, while also discussing the challenges and methodologies involved in saturation diving. It seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the technical, medical, and organizational aspects of saturation diving, emphasizing its significance and ongoing relevance despite advancements in related fields.

This text, which continues part 1, intends to inform and discuss the historical and technical development of saturation diving technology in Poland during the eighties and nineties. It provides an overview of the Polish context, achievements, and the economic and historical circumstances that influenced the development of this technology during this period. The text also seeks to highlight the contributions of key figures in the field, the creation of the Polish saturation diving system, and the ongoing relevance and implementation of the outcomes from past programs

This text, which continues with parts 1 and 2, provides an informative overview of the development and implementation of saturation diving technology in Poland during the 1990s, particularly about the offshore mining industry. It aims to highlight the historical and economic context, the challenges faced, and the key players involved in the process. The article also seeks to emphasize the significance of technological advancements and collaborations that have contributed to the growth of this industry in Poland.

Authors: Zbigniew Talaska This paper describes the author's research efforts to organize and compare the types of losses in technical and functional properties of diving equipment with those in other fields that use technical equipment. The author aims to fill a gap in the analysis of diving technology from an exploitation perspective by reviewing and matching existing literature and personal materials to identify similarities in the loss of technical and functional properties across different domains.

Authors: J. Sofia Bobby, Bharath S, Madhankumar C, Sudharsanam K, and Ummathullah U Atmospheric air is mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with small amounts of other gases. An oxygen concentrator extracts and concentrates oxygen from air using Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology. This system separates oxygen reliably and efficiently, producing about 94. 7% purity at 0. 5-3 L/min, meeting the needs of COPD patients. The proposed concentrator is cost- effective, lightweight, low-noise, and long-lasting, making it suitable for those who need affordable alternatives.

36 - Affordable Oxygen Concentrator with PSA Technology

34 - A New Gas Analysis Method Based on Single-Beam Excitation Stimulated Raman Scattering in Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Authors: Maryam Shirmohammad, Michael A. Short, and Haishan Zeng The authors of this study have developed a new Raman scattering enhancement technique for gas/human breath analysis using a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF). The technique uses nanosecond/sub- nanosecond pulsed laser excitation in HCPCF-based fiber enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) and successfully induces stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). The system, which uses a single-beam pulsed pump and FERS, shows potential for analyzing complex gases like propene, a volatile organic compound biomarker in human breath.

37 - Design and Corrosion Resistance Performance of Nano- Multilayer Coatings for the Protection of Breathing Gas Cylinders Used in Diving

Authors: Feng Yuan, Yunjiang Yu, Yuekai Li, Yanxiong Xiang, and Changwei Zou This study explores the use of environmentally friendly arc ion plating technology to deposit TiBN, CrAlN, and nano- multilayer coatings of CrAlN/TiBN on seamless gas cylinders for underwater activities. The coatings exhibit fewer droplets, pinholes, and pits, with a denser structure. The CrAlN/TiBN coating has the lowest coefficient and highest self-corrosion potential in artificial seawater. The developed TiBN-based nano-multilayer coatings hold significant application value in protecting diving cylinders.

38 - Measurement of electromagnetic transients in high voltage substations based on wireless transmission technique under strong electromagnetic interference.

Authors: Ceyong Wang, Lezhi Ou, Wenbing Wu, Chenghui Tan, Yi Ding and Jinxing Zou This paper proposes a wireless-based electromagnetic transient measurement method for power grid reliability. It uses distributed intelligent sensors, fault tolerance compression algorithm, and synchronous sampling strategy to ensure accurate measurements under varying conditions, achieving high accuracy through field tests.s.

39 - Helium Speech Recognition Method Based on Spectrogram with Deep Learning

Authors: Yonghong Chen, Shibing Zhang, and Dongmei Li Deep saturation diving has become increasingly important due to the marine economy and increased marine activities. Helium speech communication is crucial for operations, and this study introduces deep learning into helium speech recognition. A spectrogram-based dual-model method is proposed, extracting spectrogram features from helium speech, converting speech signals into phonetic sequences, and using a maximum entropy hidden Markov model for word outputs. The method achieves a recognition rate of 97.89% for isolated words and 95.99% for continuous speech.

40 - Guarded Hot Cylinder Apparatus for Characterization of Thermal Insulation Systems and Materials at Liquid Hydrogen Temperatures

Authors: Adam Swanger, David Creech, Casimir Van Doorne, and Andrew Kelly The growing interest in liquid hydrogen (LH2) in energy and manufacturing sectors has led to a need for testing capabilities at deep cryogenic temperatures. NASA and partners CB&I and Shell developed the Guarded Hot Cylinder (GHC), a cryocooler-based calorimeter to characterize thermal performance of insulations and materials down to 20 K. The GHC uses a vacuum chamber, GM cryocooler, trim heater, and a sealed copper cup to measure steady-state heat load and evaluate material thermal performance.