Vessel design, maintenance, & management 2024 - 2026
BUTTON TEXT Previous page Back to the menu 01 - Wind Propulsion Systems
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Publisher: Bureau Veritas This document defines the process within the scope of classification of ships fitted with wind propulsion systems.
02 - Empowering 6G maritime communications with distributed intelligence and over-the-air model sharing
Authors: Menelaos Zetas, Sotirios Spantideas, Anastasios Giannopoulos, Nikolaos Nomikos and Panagiotis Trakadas This study proposes a new approach to Smart Shipping (SMS) in the maritime sector to address the challenges associated with conventional centralized learning schemes by introducing a joint adoption of Federated Learning (FL) principles and the Over-the-Air computation (AirComp) wireless transmission framework. It describes the mathematical considerations, communication network enhancements, and workflow of the proposed FL/AirComp scheme. It also evaluates the performance of this methodology.
3 - A review on the research progress and application of compressed hydrogen in the marine hydrogen fuel cell power system
Authors: Ji-Chao, Heng Xu, Ke Zhou, Ji-Qiang Li The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has issued stringent directives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from maritime vessels. Hydrogen, a crucial fuel for global economies, is being explored for its transportation and propulsion applications. However, the development of hydrogen-powered vessels faces technical hurdles and requires thorough examination. This study aims to understand these challenges and their potential trajectory.
5 - A Study on Fishing Vessel Energy System Optimization Using Bond Graphs
Authors: Sang-Won Moon, Won-Sun Ruy, and Kwang- Phil Park This study explores the use of electric-diesel hybrid propulsion for small ships, using a Bond graph to model energy sources. The goal is to find optimal operational scenarios and reduction ratios for the entire voyage, considering navigation features in different maritime regions. The reduction gear is crucial for efficient operation performance with minimal design changes.
6 - Hydrodynamic Development and Optimisation of a Retrofittable Dual-Mode Propeller Turbine
Authors: Joylan Rao Erriah, Pengfei Liu, and Serkan Turkmen Dual-mode propellers are widely used in renewable energy systems for marine vehicles, but they often lack hydrodynamic optimization. A study on the Princess Royale vessel aimed to design a dual-mode propeller turbine rotor that achieves balanced performance in propulsion and energy generation. The optimized fixed- pitch propeller exhibits dual functionality, suitable for low- speed vessels and sailboats.
7 - Evaluation of a multiphase cascaded H-bridge inverter for induction motor operation
Authors: B. Jyothi, P. Srinivasa Varma, C. V. Ravikumar, C. Dhanamjayulu, Tai-hoon Kim, K. P. Prasad Rao, A. Rajesh & Shafiq Ahmad Multi-phase systems are increasingly popular for high power and precise motor control, with three-phase systems being the most widely used. Different phase values can be investigated for specific applications, such as electric ship propulsion, rocket satellites, and traction systems. This study focuses on an induction motor drive powered by a five-phase multilevel cascaded H-Bridge inverter, assessing its dynamic performance using pulse width modulation converters and an FPGA controller.
8 - Technical Study on the Comparative Planning of a Waste Collection Vessel Propulsion System: Conventional Engine and Solar Panels
Authors: Betty Ariani & Burhana Robby This research compares two propulsion systems for a waste collection vessel: conventional diesel engines and solar panels. Both systems are designed for 3.78 hp with 0.371 m³/ton waste capacity. The diesel engine (Yamaha 5CHMS) operates for 6.4 hours with an 84.24 Ah battery, while the solar panel system (Hangkai DNYSJYSJ) provides 5.47 hours of sunlight utilization with 6 hours of battery usage. Technical analysis concludes that the conventional diesel engine is more efficient due to its consistent and reliable performance characteristics
10 - Impact of automation and zero-emission propulsion on design of small inland cargo vessels
Authors: Igor Backalov, Hans-Christoph Burmeister, Ljubisav Isidorovic, Justin Jasa, Marko Josipovic, Kristoffer Kloch, Alexandros Koimtzoglou, Vladimir Krasilnikov, Stefan Krause, Denys Mateienko, Håvard Nordahl, Nathalie Reinach This paper explores modernizing small inland waterways' cargo transport capacity by analyzing the impact of automation and zero-emission propulsion technology on reference designs of European inland cargo vessels. The study identifies the most promising vessel classes for future small autonomous inland ships, focusing on general arrangement, cargo capacity, safety, and structural design.
14- Advancing a sustainable maritime future: Integrating energy efficiency and underwater radiated noise reduction strategies in commercial shipping
Authors: Seyedvahid Vakili, Paul White, Stephen Turnock This paper explores the relationship between energy efficiency measures and reducing Underwater Radiated Noise (URN) from ships, aligning with the International Maritime Organization's greenhouse gas reduction strategy. Various EE measures, such as speed reduction, wind-assisted propulsion systems, energy saving devices, and air lubrication systems, show promise in achieving GHG emissions reductions. The adoption of EE measures is expected to grow, leading to individual vessel URN reduction. The effectiveness of GHG emission regulations depends on achieving zero-emission shipping by 2050.
Publishers: BIMCO, International Chamber of Shipping, INTERCARGO, INTERMANAGER, International Group of P&I Clubs, INTERTANKO, Oil Companies International Marine Forum. The Best Management Practices (BMP) Marine Security initiative involves several key maritime organizations working together to enhance maritime security. Guidance and links that are region specific are included under the relevant regions, whereas universally applicable guidance and links are included under 'Global'. The BMP guidelines are widely recognized and used across the maritime industry to help ensure the safety and security of vessels and their crews
15 - BMP Marine Security - 2025
16 - Energy Saving Potential of Hybrid Propulsion System for Fishing Vessels in Indonesia
Authors: Samsul Maarif, Sunaryo, Muhammad Arif Budiyanto Indonesia's fishing fleet, primarily powered by conventional diesel engines, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and unstable operating costs. This study suggests that implementing hybrid propulsion systems can reduce energy consumption by up to 29.4%, fuel consumption by 25%, and CO2 emissions by up to 23% per trip. It recommends ideal propulsion designs and supports the transition to sustainable electricity technology in the Indonesian maritime sector.
17 - Integration of Renewable Energy in the Electrical System of Small-Scale Fishing Vessels: a Sustainable Marine Solution
Authors: Edy Prasetyo Hidayat, Imam Sutrisno, Fais Hamzah, Fahmi Umasangadji This research investigates the use of renewable energy in small-scale fishing vessels as a sustainable solution for coastal communities. It develops a solar-powered electrical system with battery storage, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and enhancing energy reliability at sea.
Authors: BIMCO, Cruise line international association, International Chamber of Shipping, Intertanko, IMCA, Intercargo. The MISTO provides general and situational information on maritime threats, focusing on physical threats such as piracy, armed robbery, terrorism, and war. It does not provide legal, operational, or financial advice and does not replace the need for ship operators to implement their own security protocols, risk assessments, and adhere to regulations.
18 - Maritime Industry Security Threat Overview - 2025
19 - Propeller Open-Water Test Method for Hybrid Contra Rotating Propeller
Authors: Tomoki Wakabayashi, and Tokihiro Katsui The Hybrid Contra Rotating Propeller combines a traditional single-shaft propeller with a POD propeller for energy savings. A new towing tank testing method was proposed, involving seven propeller tests to measure performance and interactions. The method aims to correct the impact of wake effects for accurate ship performance estimation.
20 - Hybrid Propulsion System Analysis for A Solar Powered Offshore Supply Vessel
Authors: Uchenna a. Robinson, Morrison Inegiyemiema This study examines a solar-powered hybrid propulsion system for an Offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. The system's performance is evaluated under specific conditions, including a vessel speed of 14.5 knots and solar specifications. The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) is calculated for two operational scenarios: one solely on diesel-electric propulsion for 10 hours daily over five days, and another where operation is split evenly between solar and diesel- electric propulsion. The results show potential benefits of hybrid propulsion systems in improving operational efficiency and sustainability for offshore vessels.
21 - Optimized Diesel–Battery Hybrid Electric Propulsion System for Fast Patrol Boats with Global Warming Potential Reduction
Authors: Maydison, Haiyang Zhang, Nara Han, Daekyun Oh, and Jaewon Jang Fast patrol boats contribute significantly to emissions due to their high speeds. This study presents an optimized design concept for a diesel-battery hybrid electric propulsion system for these boats. The system uses mixed- integer linear programming to determine the most eco- friendly battery-diesel usage ratio. A GWP analysis showed a 7-9% reduction in GWP compared to conventional diesel propulsion systems, making batteries a viable and sustainable alternative for high-endurance scenarios.
24 - Resistance and propulsion performance of a twin skeg ship with different rudder angle
Authors: Chen Weimin, Li Yongyue, Xing Lei, Zhang Li, & Chang Xing Rudder angle affects ship resistance and self-propulsion performance, especially on twin skeg ships. Simulations using the CFD and EFD methods showed that rudder angle changes had minimal effect on wake field, but affected flow field around the rudder. Self-propulsion performance was best at 4°, with a 4% decrease in power due to beneficial interaction.
25 - Design and Study of a New Wave Actuator for a Boat
Authors: Phan Huy Nam Anh, Hyeung-Sik Choi, Dongwook Jung, Rouchen Zhang, Mai The Vu, and Hyunjoon Cho This paper presents a new wave actuator for boats that converts hydrodynamic forces from rising waves into translational thrusting forces. The actuator consists of a flexible water tank, revolving springs, and nozzles. The system achieves a cruising speed of 6.098 m/s and a high energy conversion efficiency of 67.9% at a wave frequency of 0.3 Hz, demonstrating its potential for efficient and sustainable marine propulsion.
26 - Novel Hybrid Aquatic–Aerial Vehicle to Survey in High Sea States: Initial Flow Dynamics on Dive and Breach
Authors: Matthew J. Ericksen, Keith F. Joiner, Nicholas J. Lawson, Andrew Truslove, Georgia Warren, Jisheng Zhao, and Ahmed Swidan This study examines the feasibility of a recoverable sonar- search child aircraft for maritime patrol, aiming to overcome the sea state limitations of current Hybrid Aquatic-Aerial Vehicles (HAAVs). The research uses computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to analyze the impact force magnitudes of a HAAV diving into static seawater at low speeds. The results provide insights into the structural, propulsive, buoyancy, and control requirements for future design iterations. The research now focuses on validating these simulations with pool experiments and examining the effects of realistic ocean sea states.
27 - Ship trajectory prediction via a transformer-based model by considering spatial-temporal dependency
Authors: Xinqiang Chen, Peiyang Wu, Yuzheng Wu, Loay Aboud, Octavian Postolache, Zichuang Wang. The study presents a ship trajectory prediction model using the Crossformer architecture, which efficiently captures spatiotemporal dependencies in ship movement patterns. The model outperforms traditional models, reducing average error by over 60% in complex scenarios and up to 70% in smooth scenarios. This research provides a high-precision solution for intelligent ship scheduling, maritime traffic management, and navigation safety assurance.
22 - A Framework for Risk Evolution Path Forecasting Model of Maritime Traffic Accidents Based on Link Prediction
Authors: Shaoyong Liu, Jian Deng, and Cheng Xie This article presents a quantitative framework that integrates complex network theory and link prediction methods to analyze the evolving risks associated with maritime traffic accidents. By examining 371 maritime accident investigation reports, the study identifies key risk factors and builds a risk evolution network model to assess the interconnections among these factors and accident types. Findings reveal distinct relationships between specific risk factors and accident occurrences, providing valuable insights for improving safety in water transportation and aiding in effective accident prevention and mitigation strategies.
12 - Guidelines for Underwater Noise from Ships and Trends in the IMO, Etc
Authors: ClassNK’s Research Institute and R&D Division The ClassNK R&D Forum, held in January, aimed to identify maritime industry needs for services and R&D, fostering new collaborations. A key presentation focused on ship-generated underwater noise, a growing environmental concern. The article summarizes discussions on IMO initiatives for reducing commercial shipping's underwater radiated noise and responses to related guidelines. It outlines the history of IMO guidelines, the nature of underwater noise, international reduction efforts, classification society guidelines, technical challenges, and ClassNK's future plans.
13 - Case study of marine safety in transporting dangerous goods
Authors: Rudianto, Pratama Yuli Arianto, Jangka Rulianto, Nauval Maulana Yusuf Wahyudinata This study analyzes marine safety in transporting dangerous goods, focusing on how risk management influences safety outcomes for hazardous cargo. It highlights challenges and the need for stringent measures to prevent accidents and protect the environment, drawing on regulations, safety protocols, and real-world incidents. The findings assess safety measures, identify gaps, and stress rigorous protocols, crew training, real- time cargo monitoring, and emergency response plans. It emphasizes proactive risk assessment and improvements, with a well-trained, alert crew playing a pivotal role. Overall, the study supports ongoing efforts to enhance vessel safety through regulatory compliance and proactive safety management.
28 - Operating autonomous tanker vessels in Malaysian territorial waters: Focus on security and emergency response preparedness
Authors: Rasyidah Mohd Sani, and Mohammed Ismail Russtam Suhrab This study assesses Malaysia’s readiness for autonomous tanker vessels, focusing on cybersecurity and emergency response. Based on interviews and surveys with 100 maritime stakeholders, including shipowners, port authorities, regulators, and cybersecurity experts, it identifies key challenges: moderate awareness of autonomous technologies, serious cybersecurity vulnerabilities, lack of robust regulatory frameworks, port infrastructure gaps, and low public acceptance. The research recommends strengthening cybersecurity measures, establishing integrated emergency response systems, and promoting regional collaboration to enable safe, effective adoption of autonomous shipping.
32 - Collisions at Sea Involving Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: Notes on Prevention and Liability Rules
Authors: Zuzanna Pepłowska-Dabrowska, Krzysztof Wróbel, Mateusz Gil, Ryszard Wawruch As Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) approach global implementation, unresolved technical and legal challenges remain, currently under review by the International Maritime Organisation. The authors emphasize critical gaps in collision avoidance protocols and liability frameworks, specifically the 1972 COLREGs and the 1910 Collision Liability Convention. The study examines technical limitations of MASS collision avoidance from a legal perspective, evaluates existing liability rules for autonomous ship collisions, and proposes policy recommendations for an optimal international regulatory approach.
33 - Novel Maritime Techniques and Technologies, and Their Safety
Authors: Eduardo Blanco-Davis, Sean Loughney, and Zaili Yang The maritime sector is transforming due to the need for decarbonisation, digitalisation, automation, and safety assurance. It is adopting low-carbon propulsion systems and AI-driven tools while striving to enhance safety in ship design and operation. This Special Issue, "Novel Maritime Techniques and Technologies, and Their Safety," presents recent research showcasing varied responses to these challenges from scientific and engineering viewpoints. The papers highlight the importance of integrating technology with human operators, data with decision- making, and sustainability with practical ship operations.
34 - Anti-vibration method for sensing ring of fiber optical current transformer integrating structural design and adaptive signal processing
Authors: Lin Cheng, Jianyong Luo, Weibin Si, Yanhua Han, Kun Zuo , Haitao Sun, Bo Niu, Shuangzan Ren This paper studies vibration resistance and fault identification for fiber-optic current transformers (FOCTs). It analyzes FOCT principles—Faraday magneto-optical effects and Ampere’s law—and models optoelectronic components to assess vibration impacts. Experimental results show vibration-induced performance variations. ANN-based and FIR filtering methods compensate errors under sinusoidal and impact vibrations to improve accuracy.
4 - Design and simulation of offshore crane structure with capacity of 400 ton
Authors: Freddy Marpaung, Harry Purnama, Nyoman Artana, Nani Kurniawati, Dian Samodrawati, Tri Surawan, Harini Agusta This study focuses on designing a structurally stable offshore crane for ship decks, emphasizing weight and strength optimization through material selection and virtual simulation. The crane is modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS for stress, displacement, and fatigue life under maximum load at four elevation angles (30°, 43°, 60°, 80°). Static analysis reveals peak stress (1030 MPa) and deformation (461.24 mm) at 30°, while the lowest fatigue life (659.14 cycles) occurs at 43°.
9 - Antiswing Control and Trajectory Planning for Offshore Cranes: Design and Experiments
Authors: Ronny Landsverk, Jing Zhou, Daniel Hagen Offshore crane operations demand precise control to prevent collisions and equipment damage caused by uncontrolled payload swinging. This paper presents an anti-swing control methodology based on iterative learning algorithms and physics principles that suppresses payload oscillation by ensuring convergence of swing, angular velocity, and angular acceleration to desired values. Testing on a Comau robot with Stewart platform at the Norwegian Motion Laboratory demonstrated the method's effectiveness through simulation and experimental validation.
11 - Decoupling and Tracking Control for Offshore Crane System Effect by Unknown Roll/Heave Wave Motions Disturbances
Authors: Mohammad Al Saaideh, Mohammad K. Al- Solihat, Yazan M. Al-Rawashdeh, Khaled Aljanaideh, Mohammad Al Janaideh This paper proposes an output feedback control method for offshore crane systems with unknown wave disturbances from roll-heave motions. It combines a backstepping controller and high-gain observer to track cart position and rope length. The dynamic model accounts for friction, coupling, and disturbances with decoupling. Simulations confirm effective trajectory tracking despite unknown nonlinearities.
23 - SR-DETR: Target Detection in Maritime Rescue from UAV Imagery
Authors: Yuling Liu, and Yan Wei Rising maritime accidents have spotlighted man- overboard incidents, where traditional SAR methods remain inefficient and costly. Drones offer mobility and wide-area monitoring advantages. This study proposes an enhanced SR-DETR that replaces MHSA with Efficient Additive Attention (EAA) for lower-complexity feature interaction, introduces CPAFPN to boost cross-scale small- object detection, and uses Focaler-GIoU loss for precise localization. Experiments yield 86.5% mAP, surpassing RT- DETR’s 83.2%, supporting efficient real-time maritime rescue.
29 - The Effect of Wind–Wave Correlations on the Optimal Thruster Location for Offshore Vessels
Authors: Francesco Mauro, and Giada Kyaw’oo D'Amore This paper addresses the lack of criteria for optimally placing thrusters on offshore vessels equipped with dynamic positioning systems. It proposes a methodology using an optimization algorithm to determine the best placement of thrusters, considering multiple constraints. The optimization process involves two nested problems: global location solved by differential evolution and thrust allocation by non-linear programming. The study examines how different wind-wave correlations affect the optimal placement. Results from a Pipe Lay Crane Vessel demonstrate variations in optimal thruster locations based on environmental modeling.
30 - Smart ROUV advances for enhanced navigation in the Suez Canal
Authors: Khaled Oqda, Kareem Mosaad Ibrahim, Ahmed Ibrahim Mustafa, Reem Gamal Allam, Muhamed Ahmed Saad, Ahmed Ibrahim Asl, Mohamed Al- Sayed Abdel Samie, Sara Abdel Fattah Ibrahim, Hassan Yahya Ghanem, Mohamed Mahmoud Habib, Mohamed Ali Metwalliy, & Hanaa Salem Marie 3Clifs is a LiDAR- and AI-enhanced ROUV for near-real- time mapping in shallow Suez Canal waterways. It integrates LiDAR, IMU, and ROS for SLAM, using an AI module to reconstruct missing point clouds from scattering and modified propellers (v05_1) for stability. Evaluations against sonar methods show gains in completeness and continuity, contributing an integrated pipeline, optimized propulsion, and practical navigation.
31 - Design of a parameter self-tuning PID controller based on an ER- SLP for a variable-frequency air compressor in a rapid deballasting System
Authors: Shouwen Pang, & Jingxin Zhou This study tackles high energy use and inefficiency in power frequency air compressors for semisubmersible platform deballasting by proposing an ER-SLP-based fractional PID controller. Simulated in Simulink, it outperforms power frequency, traditional PID, and fractional PID controls, delivering 7.2% energy savings and 4.7% shorter task time than traditional PID while improving robustness under dynamic conditions. The work provides a data-driven framework for industrial energy-time optimization.