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Environmental studies 2022 to Now
16 - Underwater Drone Architecture for Marine Digital Twin: Lessons Learned from SUSHI DROP Project.
Authors: Alessandro Lambertini, Massimiliano Menghini, Jacopo Cimini, Angelo Odetti, Gabriele Bruzzone, Marco Bibuli, Emanuele Mandanici, Luca Vittuari, Paolo Castaldi, Massimo Caccia, and Luca De Marchi. The ability to observe the world has seen significant developments in the last few decades, alongside the techniques and methodologies to derive accurate digital replicas of observed envi- ronments. Underwater ecosystems present greater challenges and remain largely unexplored, but the need for reliable and up-to-date information motivated the birth of the Interreg Italy–Croatia SUSHI DROP Project (Sustainable fisheries wIth DROnes data Processing). The aim of the project is to map ecosystems for sustainable fishing and to achieve this goal a prototype of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), named Blucy, has been designed and developed.
21 - A low-cost, long-term underwater camera trap network coupled with deep residual learning image analysis.
Authors: Stephanie M. BilodeauI, Austin W. H. Schwartz, Binfeng Xu, V. Pau´l Pauca, Miles R. Silman. Abstract: Understanding long-term trends in marine ecosystems requires accurate and repeatable counts of fishes and other aquatic organisms on spatial and temporal scales that are difficult or impossible to achieve with diver-based surveys. Long-term, spatially distributed cameras, like those used in terrestrial camera trapping, have not been successfully applied in marine systems due to limitations of the aquatic environment. in this paper, the authors develop a methodology for a system of low-cost, long- term camera traps (Dispersed Environment Aquatic Cameras), deployable over large spatial scales in remote marine environments.
1 - World economic forum: Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2022
The Energy Transition Index (ETI) has benchmarked the progress of countries’ energy transition for a decade on the three dimensions of the energy triangle – economic development and growth, energy security and access, and environmental sustainability – and on the enabling environment for transition. In view of the current volatile macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, however, a trend analysis from historical energy data can currently provide only limited insights. Hence, instead of the annual country energy transition benchmarking report, this special 2022 edition builds on the ETI trends observed in recent years to provide a perspective on the current challenges affecting the transition, and highlights priorities to supercharge it.
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24 - Environmental Impacts of Offshore Geothermal Energy
Authors: Lakshman R. T. Pedamallu, Ramiro J. J. Neves, Nelson E. V. Rodrigues, & J. V. Cruz. Offshore Geothermal Energy can be considered as a non- polluting source of renewable energy, in relation to harmful emissions that are associated with burning fossil fuels to generate electricity. The geothermal brines of the mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents are believed to be potential sources of offshore geothermal energy. These fluids represent one of the most abundant energy resources worldwide, due to their enormous quantity, infinite recharge, and high temperatures. However, all forms of electricity generation impact the environment in some way. The ecological and biological importance of the vents restricts the number of areas that can be utilized to produce electricity.
2 - Movements and Diving Behavior of the Eastern North Pacific Offshore Killer Whale (Orcinus orca).
Authors: Gregory S. Schorr, M. Bradley Hanson, Erin A. Falcone, Candice K. Emmons, Susan M. Jarvis, Russel D. Andrews, and Eric M. Keen. The Pacific Offshore killer whale population is currently listed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List and Threatened in Canada. The population is estimated at 300 individuals, extending from Southern California to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. To better understand trends, habitat use, and diving behavior, The authors deployed seven dart-attached satellite tags during two encounters with Offshores off California and one meeting off Washington State in 2013.
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15 - Historic Wooden Shipwrecks Influence Dispersal of Deep-Sea Bio films.
Authors: Rachel D. Moseley, Justyna J. Hampel, Rachel L. Mugge and Leila J. Hamdan The studies described in this document aimed to investigate how historic wooden-hulled shipwrecks impact the dispersal of wood-colonizing microbial biofilms. They addressed how proximity to wooden shipwrecks shapes diversity, richness, and community composition in the surrounding environment. Study sites included two historic shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico identified as wooden-hulled sailing vessels dating to the late 19th century.
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6 - Frontiers in quantifying wildlife behavioural responses to chemical pollution
Authors: Michael G. Bertram, Jake M. Martin, Erin S. McCallum , Lesley A. Alton, Jack A. Brand, Bryan W. Brooks, Daniel Cerveny, Jerker Fick, Alex T. Ford, Gustav Hellström, Marcus Michelangeli, Shinichi Nakagawa, Giovanni Polverino, Minna Saaristo, Andrew Sih, Hung Tan, Charles R. Tyler, Bob B.M. Wong, and Tomas Brodin The aim of this review is to guide the rapidly developing field of behavioural ecotoxicology towards increased environmental realism, ecological complexity, and mechanistic understanding.
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11 - Modeling the Chemical Pollution of the Area by the Random- Addition Method
Authors: Roman Ekhlakov, Ekaterina Romanova, Elena Dogadin, Sergey Korchagin, Sergey Gataullin, Józef Mosiej, Timur Gataullin, and Petr Nikitin A significant group of industrial facilities can be classified as chemically hazardous facilities (CHFs). To predict the spread of harmful impurities in the programs being developed, Gaussian and Lagrangian probabilistic models are actively used, on the basis of which the complexes used both in the EMERCOM of Russia and in research organizations are being implemented.
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12 - Toward Assessing Absolute Environmental Sustainability of Chemical Pollution
Authors: Marissa B. Kosnik, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, and Peter Fantke This paper proposes an absolute environmental sustainability framework for chemical pollution where the chemical pressure on ecosystems is quantified, the ability of ecosystems to withstand chemical pressure is determined, and the “ safe space is derived, wherein chemical pressure is within the carrying capacity and hence does not lead to irreversible adverse ecological effects.
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18 - Ocean Medical Waste Detection for CPU-Based Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs)
Authors: Adrian Lee, Benny Jiang, Ingrid Zeng, Michal Aibin This paper explores the possibility of using computer vision and underwater Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to detect medical waste, such as masks and gloves in oceans. The authors use a single-stage detector to train the machine learning approach and then validate the results using the video feed from the tethered ROV.
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19 - Combining functional diversity of lotic fish communities with river health assessment based on multi-metric chemical pollution and biological integrity index models
Authors: Namsrai Jargal, Md Mamun, Chang-Yun Choi, and Kwang-Guk An Clarifying how functional traits of aquatic organisms depend on ecological conditions can facilitate aquatic conservation and management, but determining the importance of these traits to ecological river health requires further investigation. As fish play a vital role in the assessment of environmental conditions, the authors examined the relevance of the functional diversity of lotic fish to the river health assessment using multi-metric models of water pollution and fish-based biological integrity.
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4 - Drone Surveys Are More Accurate Than Boat-Based Surveys of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).
Authors: Ticiana Fettermann, Lorenzo Fiori, Len Gillman, Karen A. Stockin, and Barbara Bollard Generating accurate estimates of group sizes or behaviours of cetaceans from boat-based surveys can be challenging because much of their activity occurs below the water surface and observations are distorted by horizontal perspectives. Automated observation using drones is an emerging research tool for animal behavioural investigations. However, drone-based and boat-based survey methods have not been quantitatively compared for small, highly mobile cetaceans, such as Delphinidae. The authors conducted paired concurrent boat-based and drone-based surveys, measuring the number of individuals in 21 groups of bottlenose dolphin.
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10 - Bottlenose dolphin responses to boat traffic affected by boat characteristics and degree of compliance to code of conduct
Authors: Aleksandra Koroza, and Peter G. H. Evans Levels of boat traffic in coastal seas have been steadily increasing in many parts of the world, introducing pressures on marine wildlife through disturbance. The appropriate management of human activities is important not only to preserve wildlife, but also for the local communities that depend on ecotourism for employment and their economy. This study presents further insight into bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) responses to boats in New Quay Bay (West Wales) within the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation.
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5 - Use of Some Aquatic Plants as Bioindicator of Contamination with Hydrocarbons and Heavy Elements : A Review.
Authors: Israa Ibrahim Lazim, Samar Jasim Mohammed, Neran Adran al Naqeeb, and Mohamed I A Fayed. This study illustrates the importance of some aquatic plants as bio-indicators of contamination with hydrocarbons and heavy elements. Aquatic plants have many applications in treating contamination with hydrocarbons and heavy components due to their much lower cost and higher efficiency. Aquatic plants have been proved in numerous studies to be sinks for heavy metals and hydrocarbons in aquatic ecosystems, and it is also used in the treatment process and to reduce or limit contamination.
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14 - Aliphatic hydrocarbons biodegradation by a pseudomonas strain
Authors: Mihaela Marilena Stancu The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain to tolerate and degrade aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons.
17 - Understanding Economic Impacts to the Commercial Surfclam Fishing Industry from Offshore Wind Energy Development.
Publisher: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs The potential effects of wind energy development on marine fisheries resources have gained attention due to the ecological and economic importance of the fisheries and the repercussions to fishing communities. Fisheries are exposed to impact from offshore wind energy development due to port location, the overlap of fishing grounds and wind energy areas, and the nature of the gear and vessels used. The impact of excluding fishing and survey efforts from wind energy areas was examined using a modeling tool.
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25 - Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination: Its Effects and Treatment Approaches – A Mini Review.
Authors: Ismail, Grema, M. A. Allamin, Bukar, Adamu, and Fardami. Petroleum hydrocarbons are among the major driving forces of advancement in the last Century. However, some hydrocarbons are leading to adverse health and ecosystem stability effects. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical products has been recognized as a significant and severe problem. Most oil components are toxic to humans and wildlife, as they are easily incorporated into the food chain. This fact has increased scientific interest in examining the distribution, fate, and behaviour of oil and its derivatives in the environment.
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29 - Acute effects on hepatic biomarkers in the freshwater native fish Aequidens metae exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: W. Corredor-Santamaría, I.C. Calderón-Delgado, Z. Arbeli, J.M. Navas, Y.M. Velasco-Santamaría Petro. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are present in all environmental matrices. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- rich wastewater from the oil industry is discharged into natural water bodies. Detritivorous fish show the effects of pollutants in water. Biomarkers of effect make it possible to demonstrate exposure to xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatic and erythrocyte response in Aequidens metae, an etritivorous fish exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in terms of morphological, biochemical, and genotoxic changes.
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30 - Oxygenated Hydrocarbons from Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, Lina Mohammed Shaker, and Ahmed Al-Amiery Once fundamental difficulties such as active sites and selectivity are fully resolved, metal-free catalysts such as 3D graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNT) are very cost- effective substitutes for the expensive noble metals used for catalyzing CO2. A viable method for converting environmental wastes into useful energy storage or industrial wealth, and one which also addresses the environmental and energy problems brought on by emissions of CO2, is CO2 hydrogenation into hydrocarbon compounds.
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35 - Toxic Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids in Bottom Sediments as a Geoecological Indicator of a Water Body’s Suitability for Recreational Use.
Authors: Martyna A. Rzetala, Robert Machowski, Maksymilian Solarski, Daniel Bakota, Arkadiusz Płominski, and Mariusz Rzetala The bottom sediments were studied within the basins of water bodies used for recreational purposes (e.g., bathing, fishing, and diving) in the Silesian Upland and its periphery in southern Poland. It was found that bottom sediments were contaminated to varying degrees with toxic metals, metalloids, and non-metals, as evidenced by the values of geoecological indicators. It was concluded that the presence of harmful elements (e.g., lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium, strontium, and arsenic) in bottom sediments should be considered when classifying water bodies as suitable for recreational use.
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37 - Invading the Greek Seas: Spatiotemporal Patterns of Marine Impactful Alien and Cryptogenic Species.
Authors: Michail Ragkousis, Maria Sini, Nikoletta Koukourouvli, Argyro Zenetos,and Stelios Katsanevaki. The Greek Seas are extensively exposed to the proliferation of marine alien species. At least 242 alien species have been reported while their introduction rate is increasing. Some species severely impact native ecosystems. The spatio-temporal proliferation of these species outside their natural boundaries depends on several parameters, including their biological characteristics, native distribution range, introduction pathway, and time of initial introduction. Knowing the current and potential alien species distribution is essential for implementing effective management actions.
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38 - Roving Diver Survey as a Rapid and Cost-Effective Methodology to Register Species Richness in Sub-Antarctic Kelp Forests
Authors: Cecilia Paula Alonso, Mariano Rodríguez, Cintia Fraysse, Gustavo Lovrich, and Gregorio Bigatti Underwater sampling must balance time-efficient and standardized data to compare areas and times. The roving diver survey involves divers meandering and actively searching for species and has been useful for producing fish species lists but has seldom been implemented for benthic taxa. In this study, the authors used this non- destructive technique to register species associated with kelp forests at the sub-Antarctic Bécasses Island (Beagle Channel, Argentina), detecting numerous species while providing the first multi-taxa inventory for the area.
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3 - A Dendrophyllia ramea Population in the Ionian Sea
Authors: Central mediterranean Sea - Threatened by Anthropogenic Impacts (Michela Angiolillo, Michela Giusti, Lorenzo Rossi, and Leonardo Tunesi This study reports the first attempt to quantitatively describe a Dendrophyllia ramea population on the Apollo bank (Ionian Sea), revealed in summer 2021 through a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) survey. The habitat description, bathymetric distribution, population density, and structure of the species were assessed by image analysis.
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7 - Barkley Canyon Gas Hydrates: A Synthesis Based on Two Decades of Sea floor Observation and Remote Sensing
Authors: M. Riedel, M. Scherwath, M. Römer, C. K. Paull, E. M. Lundsten, D. Caress, P. G. Brewer, J. W. Pohlman, L. L. Lapham, N. R. Chapman, M. J. Whiticar, G. D. Spence, R. J. Enkin, and K. Douglas Barkley Canyon is off the west coast off Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The authors combined repeat remotely operated vehicle (ROV) sea floor video observations, mapping with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), ship-, ROV-, and AUV- based identification of gas flares, as well as seismic and Chirp data to investigate the distribution of fluid migration pathways.
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8 - Hydrocarbons composition of sea bottom sediments (Balaklava Bay, Black Sea)
Authors: O. V. Soloveva, E. A. Tikhonova, K. I. Gurov, E. A. Kotelyanets The present environmental problems of Balaklava Bay (Black Sea), which has an increased anthropogenic load for a long time, are of growing interest. It is known that high concentrations of hydrocarbons (HCs) negatively affect the life processes of hydrobionts. The purpose of this work is to determine the content and spatial distribution of HCs as well as to assess the possible sources of their input in the bottom sediments of Balaklava Bay.
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22 - Fish surveys on the move: Adapting automated fish detection and classification frameworks for videos on a remotely operated vehicle in shallow marine waters
Authors: Rod M. Connolly, Kristin I. Jinks, Cesar Herrera, and Sebastian Lopez-Marcano Mobile underwater cameras, diver-operated or on underwater vehicles, have become popular for monitoring fisheries. Replacing divers with cameras has clear advantages, such as creating permanent records and accessing waters unavailable to divers. The use of cameras, however, typically produces large quantities of video that are time-consuming to process manually. Automated analysis of underwater videos from stationary cameras using deep learning techniques has advanced considerably in recent years, but the use of mobile cameras potentially raises new challenges for existing methods.
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23 - Islands in the mud: The South Texas banks provide crucial mesophotic habitat for coral communities
Authors: Maria Bollinger, Keir J. Macartney, Erin E. Easton, and David W. Hicks On the continental shelf off the coast of South Texas lie a series of natural hard-bottom structures (rocky outcrops and relic coral-algal reefs) known as the South Texas Banks (STB), which provide critical habitat for benthic organisms and pelagic fish. The depth of the banks, a persistent nepheloid layer, and strong currents have resulted in few studies that provide quantitative biodiversity data on the STB. Using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), video surveys were conducted to quantitatively describe the mesophotic coral communities and assess habitat suitability of fiveve STB
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26 - Deep-sea biology in undergraduate classrooms: Open access data from remotely operated vehicles provide impactful research experiences.
Authors: Mackenzie E. Gerringer, Yumna Ismail, Kayla A. Cannon, Arline Camilo Hernandez, Franchesca Gonzales Peralta, Ryan Bohen, Joseph C. Cartwright, Austin Feasley, Lydia Fregosi, Hannah Lehman, Hailey Niles, Jillian Quay, Nima Sherpa, Brett H. Woodworth, and Kasey Cantwell Access to deep-sea systems has been expanded by programs such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ocean Exploration (NOAA Ocean Exploration), which uses telepresence to bring deep-sea exploration to a global audience. The authors of this paper present an example of how remotely operated vehicles can engage students in original research.
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27 - Group definition for underwater observation of wild Indo- Pacific bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Tadamichi Morisaka, Tomo Furuichi, Kazunobu Kogi, Motoi Yoshioka The authors propose a group definition for underwater observations after comparing 234 group transitions from 44 surveys of simultaneous boat-based and underwater observations targeting the resident Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins around Mikura Island, Japan.
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31 - Industry remotely operated vehicle imagery for assessing marine communities associated with subsea oil and gas infrastructure on the continental shelf of South-East Australia
Authors: Daniel Ierodiaconou, Dianne McLean, Matthew Jon Birt, Todd Bond, Sam Wines, Ollie Glade-Wright, Joe Morris, Doug Higgs, and Sasha K. Whitmarsh This study uses a decade of industry remotely operated vehicle (ROV) imagery to describe fish, invertebrate, and benthic communities on gas field infrastructure. Sampling was conducted over 22 km of flowline, three wells and one manifold in the temperate waters of Bass Strait, south east Australia in depths of 155 to 263 metres.
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32 - Urgent assessment needed to evaluate potential impacts on cetaceans from deep seabed mining
Authors: Kirsten F. Thompson, Kathryn A. Miller, Jake Wacker, Solène Derville, Christopher Laing, David Santillo, and Paul Johnston Deep seabed mining operations, if permitted, could present significant risks to ocean ecosystems. Disturbance on any scale is likely to be long lasting and irreversible. Scant research to date has examined the impact that deep sea minerals extraction would have on cetaceans.
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44 - Towards remote surveillance of marine pests: A comparison between remote operated vehicles and diver surveys
Authors: Leigh W. Tait, Jeremy Bulleid, Lily Pryor Rodgers, Kimberley Seaward, Louis Olsen, Chris Woods, Henry Lane, and Graeme J. Inglis The authors assessed the sensitivity and efficiency of ROVs and divers for detecting marine non-indigenous species (NIS), including the potential for automated detection algorithms to reduce post-processing costs of ROV methods.
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45 - Knowns and unknowns of plastic waste flows in the Netherlands
Authors: Delphine Lobelle, Li Shen, Bas van Huet, Tim van Emmerik, Mikael Kaandorp, Giulia Iattoni, Cornelius Peter Baldé, Kara Lavender Law, and Erik van Sebille Plastic entering the environment is a growing threat for ecosystems. the authors estimate the annual mass of known Dutch plastic waste generated and littered and where it ends up. The author used two methods: a material flow analysis of plastic waste separately collected from 13 economic sectors, and estimate the amount sent to processing plants or exported and a mismanagement model from observations of litter plus estimates of inadequately managed exported plastic scraps entering the environment abroad.
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46 - Implications of a New Test Facility for Fragmentation Investigations on Virgin (Micro)plastics
Authors: Maximilian P. Born,* Catrina Brull, and Holger Schuttrumpf Studies investigating different effects on the fragmentation of plastics have mostly disregarded a sufficient mechanical component for fragmentation, focusing on degradation by UV radiation. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of the mechanical fragmentation drivers, wave impact, and sediment abrasion on the fragmentation of expanded polystyrene (EPS), high-density polyethylene (PE-HD), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles
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34 - Description and distribution of three morphotypes of Eucyclops serrulatus group (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from Algerian water bodies
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Author: Safia Akli-Bidi Eucyclops are small crustaceans that are important members of aquatic food webs. Examination of Eucyclops populations coming from Algerian water bodies and identified as Eucyclops cf. serrulatus showed three morphotypes 1, 2 and 3, based on the morphometric characters and the microcharacters. The morphotype 1 was the most abundant, collected in the East and the West of Algeria. The morphotype 2 was sampled in the south of the country, characterized by posterolaterally elongated thoracic segments and the fourth thoracic segment has cilia on its lateral angles. The morphotype 3 was found in a small temporary pond in the north and was the smallest one.
39 - Forensic seismology vis-à-vis an underwater explosion for the Roks Cheonan sinking in the Yellow Sea of the Korean Peninsula
Author: So Gu Kim Most underwater explosions show characteristics of a bubble pulse and reverberation effects. To specifically identify the cause of an underwater explosion, it is most important to find a bubble pulse and reverberation effects using spectral and cepstral analyses. For a very shallow underwater explosion, spectral analysis is preferable to cepstral analysis. Time-domain analyses show bubble pulses as well as positive polarities of the first P-wave arrivals on the vertical component, and frequency- domain spectral analyses also clearly reveal the bubble pulse and reverberation effects. This study includes comparative studies including a Russian underwater nuclear explosion and US Navy shock trials.
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41 - Space and underwater PNT change monitoring
Authors: Luca Andolfi, Mirko Antonini, Stefano Binda, Paolo Braca, Luciano Bozzi, Sandro Carniel, Nicola Forti, Giorgio Ioannou, Elizabeth Laier English, Margherita Lenoci, Leonardo M. Millefiori, Alfredo Renga, Aniello Russo, Giuseppe Tomasicchio Although satellites are very accurate in monitoring the melting glaciers, they provide scarce or no information about under-ice water characteristics. However, mobile platforms would represent a substantial integration of the Ice Tethered Profilers, which move slowly with the sea ice without possibility to select the specific area where the data are collected. This paper givies an overview on how capabilities provided by underwater Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) technologies can support Climate Change Monitoring.
9 - The Bioerosion of Submerged Archeological Artifacts in the Mediterranean Sea: An Overview
Authors: Carlotta Sacco Perasso, Federica Antonelli, Barbara Calcinai, Edoardo Casoli, Maria Flavia Gravina, and Sandra Ricci Bioerosion is the destruction of hard substrates resulting from biological activity, and plays a relevant role in the ecological interactions and coastal dynamics processes. Several organisms have evolved structures and behaviors allowing them to perforate biotic and abiotic surfaces, transforming hard surfaces into particles, and contributing significantly to sediment production in the coastal and marine environment. Due to the large geographical diffusion of marine borers, bioerosion is relevant in many scientific and applied fields of interest.
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13 - Short-Term Response of Deep-Water Benthic Megafauna to Installation of a Pipeline Over a Depth Gradient on the Angolan Slope
Authors: Virginia Biede, Andrew R. Gates, Simone Pfeifer, Jane E. Collins, Carmen Santos, and Daniel O. B. Jones Large structures are introduced into deep-water marine environments by several industrial activities, including hydrocarbon exploitation. Anthropogenic structures can alter ecosystem structure and functioning in many marine ecosystems but the responses on continental margins are poorly known. The authors investigated the short-term response of benthic megafauna to the installation of a 56 km-long 30 cm diameter pipeline on the Angolan Margin (Block 31) from 700 to 1800 m water depth using remotely operated vehicle imager
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20 - Conserving Rockfishes: Barotrauma and Descending Devices in the Northeast Pacific
Authors: Hailey L. Davies, Shane Gross, Dana R. Haggarty, Francis Juanes Rockfishes are a diverse group of fish in the order Scorpaeniformes that are distributed globally but concentrated in the North Pacific. Recognizable by their large eyes and distinct dorsal spines, the genus is united by shared characteristics including live births, head spines, a highly spinous dorsal fin succeeded by a soft- rayed portion, and musculature attached to a closed (physoclistous) swim bladder.
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28 - The unknown fate of macroplastic in mountain rivers
Authors: Maciej Liro, Tim H.M. van Emmerik, Anna Zielonka, Luca Gallitelli, Florin-Constantin Mihai Mountain rivers are typically seen as relatively pristine ecosystems, supporting numerous benefits for human populations living not only in the mountain regions but also downstream from them. However, recent evidence suggests that mountain river valleys in populated areas can be substantially polluted by macroplastics (plastic items >25 mm). To stimulate future work on this gap, the authors present a conceptual model of macroplastic transport pathways through mountain rivers.
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33 - Macroplastic fragmentation in rivers
Authors: Maciej Liro, Anna Zielonka, Tim H.M. van Emmerik The process of macroplastic fragmentation results in the production of plastic particles, which threaten biota and human health and are difficult to remove from the environment. The global coverage and long retention times of macroplastic waste in fluvial systems, ranging from years to centuries, create long-lasting and widespread potential for its fragmentation and the production of secondary micro- and nanoplastics. However, the pathways and rates of this process are mostly unknown, and existing experimental data is not fully informative, which constitutes a fundamental knowledge gap in our understanding of macroplastic fate in rivers and the transfer of produced microparticles throughout the environment.
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36 - Addressing marine restoration success: evidence of species and functional diversity recovery in a ten-year restored macroalgal forest
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Authors: Cristina Galobart, Enric Ballesteros, Raül Golo, and Emma Cebrian Active restoration actions are becoming increasingly common for the recovery of degraded ecosystems. However, establishing when an ecosystem is fully restored is rarely achieved, since the recovery of entire communities requires long-term trajectories. The lack of evidence of success is even more severe in marine ecosystems, especially in the context of macroalgal forests, where, beyond the vegetation structure and species diversity, there is no approximation to determine the recovery of the overall functionality. The authors used a trait-based approach to assess the recovery ten years after the initiation of a restoration action in a marine macroalgal forest.
40 - A two-timescale model of plankton-oxygen dynamics predicts formation of Oxygen Minimum Zones and global anoxia
Authors: Pranali Roy Chowdhury, Malay Banerj Sergei Petrovskii Deoxygenation of the ocean often results in the formation of Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZ): large domains where the abundance of oxygen is much lower than that in the surrounding oceanic environment. Factors and processes resulting in OMZ formation remain controversial. The authors propose a conceptual model of coupled plankton- oxygen dynamics that, apart from the plankton growth and oxygen production by phytoplankton, also considers the difference in timescales between phyto- and zooplankton.
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43 - Noise and vibrations in offshore wind farms and their impact on aquatic species
Authors: Rui He, Lijun Dong, Xiaomei Xu, Apostolos Tsouvalas Offshore wind energy is environmentally friendly for humans, but it may not be so for aquatic life. Underwater noise and seabed vibrations are generated during the construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning of offshore wind farms. The potential impact of the generated noise and the seabed vibrations on aquatic species may hinder the further deployment of offshore wind farms and marine ranching.
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50 - Boyle’s Law ignores dynamic processes in governing barotrauma in fish
Authors: J. R. Kerr, P. R. White, T. G. Leighton, L. G. M. Silva, & P. S. Kemp The expansion and potential rupture of the swim bladder, which to rapid decompression, a major cause of barotrauma injury in fish passing through turbines and pumps. It is generally assumed to be governed by Boyle’s Law. In this study, two swim bladder expansion models are presented and tested in silico.
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51 - Model of Oxygen Conditions within Aquaculture Sea Cages
Authors: Heiðrikur Bergsson, Morten Bo Søndergaard Svendsen, and John Fleng Steffensen To ensure optimal feed intake, growth, and general fish health in aquaculture sea cages, interactions between drivers that affect oxygen conditions need to be understood. The main drivers are oxygen consumption and water exchange, caused by flow through the cage. Swimming energetics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in normoxia and hypoxia at 10, 15, and 20 C degrees were determined. Using the determinations, a conceptual model of oxygen conditions within sea cages was created.
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42 - Assessing underwater noise impact from marine projects
Author: Valeri V. Lenchine Many marine infrastructure projects increase environmental impact during the construction and operational phases due to excessive noise. The lack of standardized methods for assessing and predicting underwater noise increases the risk of adverse changes to the marine environment. This study reviews methods for modeling the impact of underwater noise as part of marine project planning and identifies the need for noise mitigation measures.
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47 - Revised Danish Guidelines for Underwater Noise from Installation of Impact or Vibratory Driven Piles
Authors: Rene Smidt Lutzen, Søren Keller, & Jakob Tougaard Since 2016, guidelines from the Danish Energy Agency have addressed underwater noise from offshore wind farm construction in Danish waters. The guidelines were updated in 2022 to include technical methods for numerical prognosis and on-site measurements. Compliance is determined based on acoustic criteria such as Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS) and behavioral impact. Auditory frequency-weighted levels are used as the basis for these criteria.
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48 - Vessel noise prior to pile driving at offshore wind farm sites deters harbour porpoises from potential injury zones.
Authors: Aude Benhemma-Le Gall, Paul Thompson, Nathan Merchant, Isla Graham The expansion of offshore wind farms overlaps with protected marine mammal habitats, and there are concerns for small cetaceans, such as harbor porpoises, due to the potential for injury from impulsive noise during turbine foundation installation. Current risk assessment methods compare predicted noise levels with estimates of baseline animal density. However, pre-piling activities may displace animals, potentially reducing the risk of injury.
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Authors: Amar Prakash Kaushik, Vivek Kumar Himanshu, M.P. Roy, A.K. Mishra, Ashish Mishra, and Huzaifa Sufiyan Siddique This article outlines the core elements of underwater drilling and blasting operations. It highlights the enduring constraints and obstacles, underscoring the need for continued investigation and understanding.
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49 - Comprehensive review on principles and practices of underwater drilling and blasting, its environmental impacts, and mitigation Techniques 52 - Modelling drift of cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles stranding on the Dutch coast
Authors: Darshika Manral, Ilse Bos, Mark de Boer, Erik van Sebille. Juvenile Kemp's ridley turtles, a critically endangered species mainly living in the Gulf of Mexico, strand on the Dutch coasts every year. This study examines several instances over the last 15 years where juvenile turtles were found alive but hypothermic during winter in the Netherlands to understand how they were transported in this state.
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