Scientific papers 2016
Authors:
Yara Bernaldo de Quirós, Andreas Møllerløkken, Marianne
B. Havnes, Alf O. Brubakk, Oscar González-Díaz, and
Antonio Fernández.
The pathophysiological mechanism of decompression
sickness is not fully understood, but there is evidence that
it can be caused by intravascular and autochthonous
bubbles.
Doppler ultrasound at a given circulatory location is used
to detect and quantify the presence of intravascular gas
bubbles as an indicator of decompression stress. In this
manuscript, the team studied the relationship between the
presence and quantity of gas bubbles by echosonography
of the pulmonary artery of anesthetized, air-breathing.
Authors:
Vincent Souday, Nick J. Koning, Bruno Perez, Fabien
Grelon, Alain Mercat, Christa Boer, Valérie Seegers, Peter
Radermacher, Pierre Asfar
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of
whether enriched air nitrox (EAN) breathing during
simulated diving reduces decompression stress when
compared to compressed air breathing as assessed by
intravascular bubble formation after decompression.
Authors: B R Wienke & T R O’Leary
This short article deals with useful and modern bubble
models used to stage divers to the surface and
correlations, if and when they exist, with actual data,
usually decompression sickness (DCS) outcomes across a
limited spectrum of exposures. Many of the early (wet)
tests were carried out by world Navies, later by hyperbaric
chamber testing, and today also by statistical inference
from downloaded computer profiles.
In 2015, a workshop on ultrasound in diving research was
held in Sweden, at which 27 participants from 12
countries hammered out guidelines to provide better
standardisation of methods for both Doppler and
echocardiography bubble counts. These guidelines and
two papers from the meeting are published in this issue.
The guidelines complement those developed in 2014 for
the echocardiographic investigation of persistent foramen
ovale in divers.
Authors:
Costantino Balestra and Peter Peter Germonpré
There is debate on whether divers with a Patent Foramen
Ovale (PFO) are at greater risk for DCS due to potential
shunting of bubbles into the arteries. Neurological DCS
can cause lasting brain and spinal damage, with concerns
that divers with PFO may develop brain lesions from
bubbles. However, the studies on this topic have
methodological flaws, like self-selection bias.
Authors:
Eugene V. Golanov, James M. Shiflett, Gavin W. Britz
Diving response (DR) is a powerful integrative response
targeted toward survival of the hypoxic/anoxic conditions.
Being present in all animals and humans, it allows for
surviving adverse conditions like diving. Earlier, the authors
discovered that forehead stimulation affords a
neuroprotective effect, decreasing infarction volume
triggered by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral
artery in rats. The authors hypothesized that cold
stimulation of the forehead induces DR in rats, which, in
turn, exerts neuroprotection.
Authors: Joost J. L. M. Bierens, Philippe Lunetta, Mike
Tipton, & David S. Warner.
Knowledge of drowning physiology is scarce. A better
understanding may identify methods to improve survival,
particularly hot-water immersion, cold shock, cold-induced
physical incapacitation, and fear of drowning.
Authors: Vincent Souday, Nick J. Koning, Bruno Perez,
Fabien Grelon, Alain Mercat, Christa Boer, Valérie
Seegers, Peter Radermacher, Pierre Asfar.
This document relates tests performed regarding the
hypothesis of whether enriched air nitrox (EAN) breathing
during diving reduces decompression stress when
compared to compressed air breathing as assessed by
intravascular bubble formation after decompression.
Authors: S. K. Deb 1,2 , P. A. Swinton 1 and E. Dolan
Saturation diving is an occupation that involves prolonged
exposure to a confined, hyperoxic, hyperbaric
environment. The unique and extreme environment is
thought to disrupt physiological and metabolic
homeostasis, which may impact human health and
performance. Appropriate nutritional intake has the
potential to alleviate and/or support many of these
physiological and metabolic concerns while enhancing
health and performance in saturation divers. Therefore,
this review aims to identify the physiological and practical
challenges of saturation diving and provide evidence-
based nutritional recommendations for saturation divers
to promote health and performance within this
challenging environment.
Authors: Costantino Balestra, Sigrid Theunissen, Virginie
Papadopoulou, Cedric Le Mener, Peter
Germonpré, François Guerrero, and Pierre Lafère
Since non-provocative dive profiles are no guarantor of
protection against decompression sickness, novel means,
including pre-dive “preconditioning” interventions, are
proposed for its prevention. This study investigated and
compared the effect of pre-dive oxygenation, pre-dive
whole-body vibration, or a combination of both on post-
dive bubble formation.
Authors: Nicolas Vallée, Kate Lambrechts, Sébastien De
Maistre, Perrine Royal, Jean Mazella, Marc
Borsotto, Catherine Heurteaux, Jacques Abraini,
Jean-Jacques Risso, and Jean-Eric Blatteau
This study was to analyze the states of mental fatigue
based on electroencephalography (EEG) and investigate
how physical activities affect mental fatigue. Fourteen
healthy participants participated in an experiment
including a 2-back mental task (the control) and the same
mental task with cycling simultaneously (physical-mental
task).
Authors:
Jacques H. Abraini, Hélène N. David, Nicolas Vallée, Jean-
Jacques Risso
The occurrence of paroxysmal narcotic episodes including
psychotic-like symptoms in divers participating in
experimental deep diving programs with various gas
mixtures has constituted, beyond the classical symptoms
of the high-pressure neurological syndrome, the major
limitation for deep diving. With the development of new
saturation deep diving programs and experiments by the
eastern nations, such as India and China, the authors
believed that it is of interest to examine what could be the
ultimate depth that could be reached by saturation
human divers.
Authors:
Bengüsu Mirasoglu, Aslıcan Cakkalkurt, Maide Cimsit
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is applied to various
diseases. It is generally considered safe but has some
benign complications and adverse effects. The most
common complication is middle ear barotrauma. This
study aimed to collect data about the middle ear and
cranial sinus barotraumas in our department and to
evaluate factors affecting the occurrence of barotrauma.
Authors:
John P. Florian, Ki H. Chon, Luca Faes & Barbara E. Shykoff
Physiological compensation to postural stress is weakened
after long-duration water immersion (WI), thus
predisposing individuals to orthostatic intolerance
(*orthostatic refers to the inability to remain upright
without symptoms).
This study was conducted to compare hemodynamic
responses to postural stress following exposure to WI
alone (Air WI) and hyperbaric oxygen alone in a
hyperbaric chamber (O 2 HC). WI combined with
hyperbaric oxygen (O2 WI), all at a depth of 1.35 ATA, to
determine whether hyperbaric oxygen is protective of
orthostatic tolerance
Authors:
Ruben Vandenbulcke, Bartel van Holsbeeck, Ilse Crevits,
and Jesse Marrannes
A 58-year-old woman visited our hospital’s emergency
department because of severe and increasing pain over
the right occipital region, irradiating over the right frontal
area. The pain started during the descent of a jet airplane
on a holiday trip. There were no visual or hearing deficits,
head trauma, or epistaxis, and she experienced no
difficulty clearing her ears during the flight. Only a minor
respiratory tract infection was noted two weeks before this
episode, and she had no history of sinus problems. The
pain was nothing like the previous migraine headaches
she had experienced.
Authors:
Jinqiang Zhu, Wanshan Song, Lin Li, and Xiang Fan.
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is a significant signaling
molecule that regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF), playing
a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of
cerebrovascular diseases. However, achieving the
expected therapeutic efficacy is difficult using direct
administration of NO donors. Therefore, endothelial nitric
oxide synthase (eNOS) becomes a potential therapeutic
target for cerebrovascular diseases. This review
summarizes the current evidence supporting the
importance of CBF to cerebrovascular function, and the
roles of NO and eNOS in CBF regulation.
Authors:
Ben Aviner, Gideon Gradwohl, Alice Bliznyuk, Yoram
Grossman
Exposure to hyperbaric pressure (HP) exceeding 100 msw
is known to cause a constellation of motor and cognitive
impairments named high-pressure neurological syndrome
(HPNS), considered to be the result of synaptic
transmission alteration. Previous studies have indicated the
modulation of presynaptic Ca2+ currents based on
synaptic activity modified by HP. The authors shown that
currents in genetically identified cellular voltage-
dependent Ca2+ channels selectively affected by HP.
Authors:
Jacky Lautridou, Vianney Pichereau, Sebastien Artigaud,
Peter Buzzacott , Qiong Wang , Benoit Bernay,
Sabrina Driad, Aleksandra Mazur, Kate Lambrechts,
Michael Theron, & Francois Guerrero
Decompression sickness (DCS) is a poorly understood
systemic disease caused by inadequate desaturation
following a reduction in ambient pressure. Although
studies highlight the importance of circulating factors, the
available data are still puzzling. In this study, we aimed to
identify proteins and biological pathways involved in the
development of DCS in rats.
Authors:
D. Cialoni, M. Pieri, G. Giunchi, N. Sponsiello, A.M Lanzone,
L. Torcello, G. Boaretto, A. Marroni
Neurological symptoms after breath hold (BH) diving are
often referred to as “Taravana” and considered a form of
decompression sickness.
However, the presence of “high” gas embolism after BH
diving has never been clearly shown. This study showed
high bubble formation after breath hold diving.
Authors:
Serena Cirio, Manuela Piran, Michele Vitacca, Giancarlo
Piaggi, Piero Ceriana, Matteo Prazzoli, Mara Paneroni,
Annalisa Carlucci)
This document is to be read as support for the problem
posed by too dry air and the importance of humidity in
breathing.
![32 - High Pressure and [Ca2+] Produce an Inverse Modulation of Synaptic Input Strength and Network Excitability in the Rat Dentate Gyrus - Published by Frontiers](index-b-documents_htm_files/112192.png)
Authors:
Thomas I. Talpalar, & Adolfo E. Talpalar
Hyperbaric environments induce the high pressure
neurological syndrome (HPNS) characterized by
hyperexcitability of the central nervous system (CNS) and
memory impairment. High pressure depresses synaptic
transmission and alters its dynamics in various animal
models. Medial perforant path (MPP) synapses connecting
the medial entorhinal cortex with the hippocampal
formation are suppressed by 50% at 10.1MPa. Reduction
of synaptic inputs is paradoxically associated with
enhanced ability of dentate gyrus (DG)’ granule cells
(GCs) to generate spikes at high pressure.
Authors:
Hilary F. Armstrong, Gina S. Lovasi, Elsayed Z. Soliman,
Susan R. Heckbert, Bruce M. Psaty, John H.M. Austin, Jerry
A. Krishnan, Eric A. Hoffman, Craig Johnson, Matthew J.
Budoff, Karol E. Watson, R. Graham Barr
Studies suggest an association between chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and prolonged QT
interval*. The authors tested the hypotheses that lower
lung function and increased percent emphysema on
computed tomography (CT) are associated with a
prolonged QT interval in a general population sample and
additionally in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
*QT interval is a measurement made on an electrocardiogram
(ECG) used to assess some of the electrical properties of the heart.
Authors: Ozturk Handan and Aktas Samil
The authors of this short article explain the definition of
hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in response to a
previous article titled "Pressure Ulcers: Current
Understanding and Newer Modalities of treatment”,
published in January 2015.
(See the article below)
Authors: John W. Castellani, Andrew J. Young
This paper reviews and discusses humans' physiological
responses to cold exposure, both acute and chronic, and
the external factors that influence these responses. It
provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in
maintaining thermal balance during cold exposure and
describes the different patterns of acclimatization that
occur with chronic exposure to cold environments.
Authors: Julie Vinkel, Peter Bak and Ole Hyldegaard
This document reports 33 fatal diving injuries that
occurred among Danish divers during the period 1999 -
2012 in Scandinavian waters. The study was performed as
a retrospective overview. The empirical data consists of
police reports, forensic autopsy reports, and examination
of the diving equipment. The data were assembled and
analyzed using Pivot and Excel. Frequencies and means
were used to describe categorical and continuous
variables, respectively.
Authors:
Susannah Sherlock, Kenneth Thistlethwaite, Mohsina
Khatun, Christopher Perry, and Alexis Tabah
This paper is a retrospective audit of outcomes in patients
treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT) for idiopathic
sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL), either as
adjunctive treatment or after the failure of steroid therapy.
Authors: Akeelesh Mungur, Guy Cochard, Yves Ozier and
Pierre Lafère
The most common complications of hyperbaric oxygen
treatment (HBOT) are related to pressure changes on gas-
containing cavities. Therefore, the inability to auto-inflate
the middle ear may result in transient or permanent
hearing loss.
However, it seems that middle ear barotrauma (MEBt)
does not develop more often in mechanically ventilated
patients than in ambulatory patients. This might be
explained by the deep sedation of these patients.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether
anesthesia and/or neuromuscular blockade can influence
Eustachian tube (ET) function.
Authors:
Nikolaj Hjort Schmidt, Kasper Hansen, Henrik Lauridsen,
Annie Vesterby, Jens Randel Nyengaard, Alf Brubakk, and
Michael Pedersen
Vascular bubble formation after decompression has been
associated with inflammation, necrosis, and platelet
activation. This study evaluates remote ischaemic
conditioning (RIC), performed before or after
decompression, on bubble formation, platelet activation,
and ischaemic brain lesions.
Authors: Rebecca Johnson
Some people with well-managed insulin-dependent
diabetes can dive safely. Those cleared to participate
should tightly control the variables that impact blood
glucose levels, including activity, timing, food, and insulin.
Honest self-assessment is critical.
Authors: Münïre Kübra Özgök-Kangal, Iclal Karatop-Cesur,
Gökhan Akcalı, Senol Yildiz, and Günalp Uzun
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is common in Turkey.
The authors’ department is the primary provider of
emergency hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in Ankara
and neighboring cities. In this study, they analyzed the
characteristics of CO-poisoned patients who were referred
by phone to our department for emergency HBOT.
Authors: Rebecca Johnson
Dive medicine bodies worldwide recognize that with
comprehensive screening and careful management,
people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
can dive safely. Despite this, it remains extremely difficult for
people with IDDM to access diving training in Australia.
People with IDDM are denied information, support, and
access to training courses, which drives some to choose
not to declare their condition or to travel overseas to certify
as divers, which is both unsafe and unfair.
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Authors:
Andreas Fahlman, Michael J. Moore, Andrew W. Trites,
David A. S. Rosen, Martin Haulena, Nigel Waller, Troy
Neale, Ming Yang, and Stephen R. Thom
New research suggests that military sonar may cause
decompression sickness in marine mammals. Scientists
tested whether blood microparticles could be used as a
biomarker for this condition in Steller sea lions. Blood
samples were taken from the sea lions after diving to
predetermined depths, and it was found that diving
caused an increase in blood microparticle levels. However,
the levels did not correlate with depth or time
underwater, suggesting acclimation to repeated
exposure. Feeding and exercise had no effect on the
levels of microparticles in the blood.
Authors: Andreas Mollerlokken, Lesley BIOQQ. David J
Doolette, Ronald Y Nishi, & Neal W Pollock
The International Meeting on Ultrasound for Diving
Research issued expert recommendations for detecting
vascular gas bubbles via ultrasound and for analyzing,
interpreting, and reporting this data. They suggested
standardizing methods such as choosing bubble
monitoring sites, and the timing and duration of
monitoring, using scales such as Spencer, Kisman-Masurel,
or Eftedal-Brubakk. For reporting, they advised describing
the subject's posture and any provocation maneuvers
during monitoring, reporting raw data, and using statistics
properly.
Authors: Mark D. Wilkinson et al.
Data management is essential for scientists and diving
companies. Stakeholders from academia, industry, funding
agencies, and scholarly publishers have developed the
FAIR Data Principles to improve the infrastructure for
reusing scholarly data. These principles focus on
enhancing machine automation to find and use data
while also supporting individual reuse. This publication
introduces the FAIR Principles, discusses their purpose,
and provides examples of their implementation in the
community.
Authors: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) - USA
This document highlights issues related to space activities
that should be considered for divers traveling by air.
Divers, pilots, or astronauts moving from high to low-
pressure environments can be affected by decompression
sickness (DCS). This problem has been addressed since
early space missions through pre-breathing (PB) protocols
involving oxygen-rich environments and various pre-
launch procedures. While effective, these methods are
complex and require extensive training and resources.
Authors: Xiao C. Zhang, Antoinette Golden, David S.
Bullard
During a simulation exercise, emergency medicine
residents managed a case of a patient with DCS, who
presented with unilateral neurological symptoms and
concealed cyanotic mottling. The simulation was run four
times, with residents, fellows, and attendings taking on
different roles. After the simulation, both junior and senior
residents performed correctly. However, junior residents
had difficulty gathering social history and examining the
patient without senior guidance, and were less proficient
in directing specific treatments such as oxygenation and
hydration.
Authors: Paul F. McCulloch, Erik A. Warren and Karyn M.
DiNovo
This study investigates the role of the anterior ethmoidal
nerve (AEN) in the diving response of rats to determine
whether the AEN is necessary for initiating the diving
response by examining the activation of specific brainstem
nuclei during repetitive trained diving. The research
involves comparing rats with bilateral sectioning of the
AEN to those with a Sham surgery and analyzing the
presence of Fos-positive neurons as a marker of neuronal
activation. The findings suggest that the AEN is not
required for the diving response, indicating that other
nerves or suprabulbar activation may be responsible for
the observed neuronal activation.
Authors: Wen-wu Liu, Cui-hong Han, Pei-xi Zhang, Juan
Zheng, Kan Liu, Xue-jun Sun
This paper summarizes and analyzes the role of nitric oxide
(NO) in the pathogenesis of hyperoxic acute lung injury
(HALI) and discusses the therapeutic potential of inhaled
NO in treating HALI to inform readers about the current
understanding and controversies surrounding the
involvement of NO in HALI and highlight its potential as a
treatment option.
Authors:
Olivier Castagna, Emmanuel Gempp, Raphael Poyet,
Bruno Schmid, Anne-Virginie Desruelle, Valentin Crunel,
Adrien Maurin, Romain Choppard, and David H. MacIver
This study investigated the relationship between altered
cardiac function and the development of interstitial
pulmonary edema in scuba divers. It involved measuring
various cardiac and pulmonary parameters before and
after a 30-minute scuba dive to understand how changes
in heart function might contribute to the onset of
pulmonary edema. The results suggest that an imbalance
in right and left heart stroke volumes could be a key factor
in the development of immersion pulmonary edema, with
broader implications for understanding the pathogenesis
of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Authors:
Sebastian Klapa, Johannes Meyne, Wataru Kahler, Frauke
Tillmans, Henning Werr, Andreas Binder, & Andreas Koch
This document discusses a medical case involving a 61-
year-old male who experienced severe hypovolemia and
decompression illness (DCI) after diving. It highlights the
relationship between hypovolemia and DCI, describes the
patient's symptoms and diagnostic findings, and
emphasizes the importance of early hyperbaric oxygen
therapy and fluid replacement in achieving a favorable
outcome.
Authors: John Lippmann, David McD Taylor, Christopher
Stevenson and Simon Mitchell
This paper presents the findings of a study that examines
the demographics, health, and diving activities of members
of the Diver Alert Network Asia-Pacific (DAN AP) with and
without certain medical conditions (cardiac or respiratory
conditions, diabetes, or hypertension). The authors
compare these two groups to understand the impact of
these medical conditions on diving practices and to
highlight the need for better education and monitoring of
health status among divers, particularly as they age.
Authors: Dariusz Józwiak, Romuald Olszanski, Zbigniew
Dabrowiecki, Małgorzata Remlain
This paper discusses the importance of health assessments
and medical checks for individuals who wish to engage in
diving activities, particularly highlighting the differences
between military and recreational diving. It emphasizes
the need for proper health evaluations to minimize the risk
of diving accidents due to the physical demands and risks
associated with diving in an aquatic environment with
increased atmospheric pressure. It also suggests that
recreational divers may sometimes overlook medical
conditions that could compromise their safety.
Authors: Waliza AnsarShyamasree, & Shyamasree Ghosh
This document provides an overview and analysis of
inflammation, its historical understanding, and its modern
scientific investigation. It discusses the acute-phase
response (APR) as the body's initial defense mechanism,
the role of acute-phase proteins (APPs), and the use of
biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP) in diagnosing and
understanding inflammatory diseases. It also explores the
correlation between clinical history, CRP levels, and
inflammation, and evaluates CRP's potential as a diagnostic
and prognostic biomarker. Additionally, it seeks to identify
clinical markers for inflammation and understand the
inflammatory response across various diseases for
diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Authors: Andreas Mollerbkken, S Lesley Blogg, David j
Doolette, Ronald Y Nishi and Neal W Pollock
The purpose of this article is to inform readers about the
expert consensus recommendations produced by the
International Meeting on Ultrasound for Diving Research.
These recommendations focus on the standardization of
techniques for ultrasound detection of vascular gas
bubbles, as well as the analysis, interpretation, and
reporting of related data. The text aims to provide
guidance on monitoring site selection, frequency and
duration of monitoring, scales for assessment, and proper
reporting practices to ensure consistency and
comparability between studies.
Authors: Erik K. St. Louis, Lauren C. Frey
The intent of this document is to clarify the purpose and
limitations of a clinical framework, emphasizing that it is
meant to assist clinicians in evaluating and treating
patients without replacing their professional judgment or
establishing a universal standard of care. It acknowledges
that the framework may not be applicable to all patients
and that other approaches may also be suitable.
Authors: Ran Arieli, Soliman Khatib, and Jacob Vaya
This documents discusses scientific research findings
related to decompression illness, specifically focusing on
the role of active hydrophobic spots (AHS) in blood vessels
and their composition. The study investigates the presence
of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), a component of
lung surfactants, in these spots and suggests that
understanding and potentially removing these
constituents could improve diver safety.
Authors: Emmanuel Gempp, Christophe Peny
This paper discusses existing studies and research findings
on the risks associated with yo-yo diving, highlighting that
while traditionally considered dangerous due to the lack
of validated decompression tables, recent studies suggest
that it may not pose a higher risk of DCS than other diving
methods. It mentions a field study conducted on
aquaculture divers, which found low-stress levels and no
cases of DCS, suggesting that yo-yo diving, when
performed with specific dive tables, might be safer than
previously thought. However, it also mentions several
accidents involving military divers during their instruction
process, suggesting that this practice is more dangerous
than cited by the studies mentioned
Authors:
Gabriele Margiotta, Matteo Benvenuti, Enrico Bellini,
Emiliano Iacovissi, Silvia Bencini, Mario Gabbrielli
This article describes a fatal SCUBA diving accident,
highlighting the increasing frequency of deaths during
SCUBA diving activities despite advancements in safety
equipment. It provides a detailed account of a particular
case involving a professional diver who died due to being
crushed while working, emphasizing that the cause of
death was not typical for SCUBA-related fatalities, which
are often due to drowning. This article aims to convey the
unusual nature of this incident within the context of
forensic investigations of diving accidents.
Authors: J. W. Smithuis, E. Gips, T. P. van Rees Vellinga,
and M. I. Gaakeer
This document raises awareness about the medical
aspects and treatment of diving accidents. The authors
highlight the importance of early diagnosis and adequate
treatment for patients who experience diving-related
incidents by presenting findings from a retrospective
cohort study to emphasize the need for specialized
medical care and suggest that all diving accidents should
be discussed with a center of expertise to ensure proper
management and minimize potential complications.
Authors: Jasjeet Bhullar, Veena M. Bhopale, Ming Yang,
Kinjal Sethuraman, Stephen R. Thom
This paper presents the findings of a scientific investigation
into the mechanism by which human and murine
platelets produce microparticles (MPs) when exposed to
high pressures of inert gases. The study aims to elucidate
the role of oxidative stress and specific molecular
pathways, such as NADPH oxidase (NOX) and nitric oxide
synthase (NOS), in this process. It also compares the effects
of different gases and conditions on MP production and
highlights the potential for chemical inhibition to mitigate
these effects.
Author: Tiffany A. Glazer, and Steven A. Telian
According to the Professional Association of Diving
Instructors (PADI), over 23 million diver certifications have
been issued worldwide, with 900,000 each year across
more than 200 countries. Most certified divers are men,
with a mean age of 30 for men and 27 for women.
Physicians need to understand the medical hazards of
scuba diving, including barotrauma and decompression
sickness, which are affected by gas behavior under
pressure related to Boyle's and Henry's laws.
Author: Pieter-Jan A.M. van Ooij, Peter J. Sterk, and
Robert A. van Hulst
This review discusses the effects of high oxygen levels,
lung function testing for pulmonary oxygen toxicity, and
new methods in respiratory medicine as potential markers
for early detection in divers.
34 - Assessment of the interaction of hyperbaric N2, CO2, and O2
on psychomotor performance in divers
- Published by the American Physiological society
Authorr: J. J. Freiberger, B. J. Derrick, M. J. Natoli, I.
Akushevich, E. A. Schinazi, C. Parker, B. W. Stolp,
P.B. Bennett, R.D. Vann, S. A. S. Dunworth, and
R.E. Moon
This study tested cognitive performance under 20
conditions of gas partial pressure and exercise in 42 male
subjects. Results showed that impaired memory,
attention, and planning were associated with N2 partial
pressures, while sea level O2 partially rescued motor and
memory reaction time. However, at hyperbaric
pressures, an unexpectedly strong interaction caused
incapacitating narcosis with amnesia, which was
amplified by O2.
