First aid 2015 - 2021
Authors:
Avi Shina, Erez Nissim Baruch, Amir Shlaifer, Ami Shovali,
Moran Levi, Or Yosefy, David Segal, Tarif Bader, Itai Shavit,
Avraham Yitzhak.
The authors examined the success rate and ease-of-use
ratings of an IO device, the NIO ® (New Intraosseous
Persys Medical, Houston, TX, USA) in comparison to the
Arrow ® EZ-IO ® (Teleflex Medical Research Triangle Park,
NC, USA) by novice users.
Authors:
Bistra Iordanova, Lingjue Li, Robert S. B. Clark, and Mioara
D. Manole.
Assessment of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) and
oxygenation is not routinely performed after cardiac arrest.
Limited clinical studies established the role of CBF and
oxygenation monitoring in prognostication after cardiac
arrest. Few studies suggest that guiding critical care post-
resuscitation to mean arterial pressures above the minimal
autoregulatory range might improve outcomes. Important
knowledge gaps thus remain in cerebral monitoring and
CBF and oxygen goal-directed therapies post-resuscitation
from cardiac arrest.
Authors:
Simon J Mitchell, Michael H Bennett, Phillip Bryson, Frank K
Butler, David J Doolette, James R Holm, Jacek Kot,
Pierre Lafère
Guidelines for the pre-hospital management of
decompression illness (DCI) had not been formally revised
since the 2004 Divers Alert network / Undersea and
Hyperbaric Medical Society workshop in Sydney, entitled
“Management of mild or marginal decompression illness
in remote locations”. The Diver’s Alert Network initiated a
recent review undertaken by an international committee
with members from Australasia, the USA, and Europe.
Publisher: Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
The American College of Surgeons (ACS) was founded to
improve the care of surgical patients, establishing and
maintaining a high quality of surgical practices.
In accordance with that role, the ACS Committee on
Trauma (COT) has worked to establish guidelines for the
care of injured patients.
Authors:
Gilles Guerrier, Christine Agostini, Marion Antona, Fiorella
ponzini, Anne Paoletti, Isabelle Martin, Jean-Michel
Ekherian, Christophe Baillard.
I-gel® is a second generation supraglottic airway device
from Intersurgical and predsented in our website through
this link: https://diving-rov-specialists.com/medical-
equip.htm, and through this link:
https://www.intersurgical.com/
The optimal size of the I-Gel remains unclear since the
manufacturer's weight-based formula (size 3 for weight <
50 kg, size 4 for weight 50-90 kg, and size 5 for weight >
90 kg) for the laryngeal mask airway I-Gel is not evidence-
based. The authors hypothesized that sex might also guide
the choice of I-Gel size.
Authors:
Johanna Wall, Sriveena Naganathar, Banjerd
Praditsuktavorn, Oscar F. Bugg, Simon McArthur,
Christoph Thiemermann, Jordi L. Tremoleda, and Karim
Brohi.
Cardiac dysfunction (CD) significantly contributes to
mortality in trauma patients who survive their initial injuries
following successful hemostatic resuscitation. This poor
outcome has been correlated with elevated biomarkers of
myocardial injury, but the pathophysiology triggering this
cardiac dysfunction remains unknown. The authors
investigated the pathophysiology of acute Cardiac
dysfunction after trauma using a mouse model of trauma
hemorrhage shock (THS)-induced CD with
echocardiographic guidance of fluid resuscitation to assess
the THS impact on myocardial integrity and function.
Authors: Maritime & coast guard agency
Application of the Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels
(Medical Stores) Regulations 1995 (SI 1995/1802) and the
Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Medical Stores)
(Amendment) Regulations 1996 (SI 1996/2821)
Notice to all Shipowners, Agents, Masters, Skippers of
Fishing Vessels and all Seafarers
Authors: James Eric Neal, Brett Lewellyn
The primary purpose of this study was to compare
intraoperative and postoperative complication rates for
upper extremity surgical cases performed on a standard
operating room (OR) table with similar cases done on a
typical hospital stretcher. Secondary measures reviewed
included surgical time, turnover, total OR time, blood loss,
tourniquet time, and postoperative complications.
Authors:
Muhammad Husaini Rahmat, Ruhaizin S, Rosalam CM,
Hassan A, Khairul Manami K and Indastri S.
This study aims to determine efficient ways of lifting the
body based on rescuers' preferences. From the results,
new stretcher design parameters were established.
Authors:
Florian Ettl, Eva Fischer, Heidrun Losert, Dominik Stumpf ,
Robin Ristl, Kurt Ruetzler, Robert Greif, and Henrik Fischer
This study aimed to compare the cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) quality of an automated external
defibrillator (AED) with and without additional video
instruction during basic life support (BLS) by laypersons.
Authors:
Matteo Paganini, Giulia Mormando, Sandro Savino ,
Giacomo Garetto, Giulia Tiozzo, Enrico M. Camporesi ,
Fabrizio Fabris, and Gerardo Bosco.
Hyperbaric chambers and underwater environments are
challenging and at risk of serious accidents. Personnel
aiming to assist patients and subjects should be
appropriately trained, and several courses have been
established worldwide. In healthcare, simulation is an
effective learning technique. However, few peer-reviewed
articles have been published in the medical literature
describing its use in diving and hyperbaric medicine.
Authors:
Yu Liu, MD, Yanshu Zhang, Lei Zhang, Hongliang Bai, Gang
Wang, MD, Litao Guo
The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of SimMan
in resident training of emergency skills.
Fortyfive 1st year medical residents were selected for this
study. All participants were divided into groups and each
participant performed different roles during training. Clinical
cases were selected using the tutor mode/auto mode in
the SimMan computer system in order to train and assess
each group. A pre-test was administered to the 45 residents
before emergency medical technician (EMT) skill training.
Finally, a post-test was conducted with SimMan after
training. Tutors scored the student’s performance and
recorded the overall time for the procedure.
Authors:
Jeroen Seesink, Stella Nieuwenburg, Theo van der Linden,
Joost J.L.M. Bierens
Little is known regarding the circumstances, outcomes,
and quality of operational lifeboat crews perform
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated
external defibrillators (AEDs).
The authors aim to evaluate the circumstances, outcomes,
and quality of CPR performed by the Royal Dutch Lifeboat
Institution (KNRM) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).
Authors:
Allart M. Venema, Marko M. Sahinovic, Albert J. D. W. R.
Ramaker, Yvette N. van de Riet, Anthony R. Absalom and J.
K. Götz Wietasch.
Crewmembers of the “Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue
Institution” (KNRM) lifeboats must wear heavy survival suits
with integrated lifejackets. This and the challenging
environment onboard (boat movements, limited space)
might influence Basic Life Support (BLS) performance. The
primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of
the protective gear on single-rescuer BLS-quality.
Authors: Malay Sarkar, Irappa Madabhavi, & Nagaveni
Kadakol
Oxygen is probably the most commonly prescribed drug
in the emergency setting and is a life-saving modality as
well. However, like any other drug, oxygen therapy may
also lead to various adverse effects. Patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may develop
hypercapnia during supplemental oxygen therapy,
particularly if uncontrolled. The risk of hypercapnia is not
restricted to COPD only; it has also been reported in
patients with morbid obesity, asthma, cystic fibrosis, chest
wall skeletal deformities, bronchiectasis, chest wall
deformities, or neuromuscular disorders.
This Regulation aims to ensure the smooth functioning of
the internal market as regards medical devices, taking as a
base a high level of protection of health for patients and
users, and taking into account the small and medium-
sized enterprises that are active in this sector.
At the same time, this Regulation sets standards of quality
and safety for medical devices in order to meet common
safety concerns as regards such products.
Authors:
Surg Cdr Kamal Mishra, Surg Capt Gokul Krishnan
This document describes the effects of carbon monoxide
through historical examples. It also provides suggestions
for a better comprehension of the impact of this gas and
the methods to prevent them.
Authors: Richard E. Moon, Simon Mitchell
This document details procedures to implement for
treating decompression accidents. This document is not
specific to commercial diving.
Authors: Hiroki Nagasawa, Kazuhiko Omori, Kenichi
Muramatsu, Ikuto Takeuchi , Hiromichi
Ohsaka, Kouhei Ishikawa, and Youichi
Yanagawa
Traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) is associated with poor
outcomes. Helicopter emergency medical services
(HEMSs) are often used to transport critically ill patients to
hospitals. However, the role of HEMS in the treatment of
TCA remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to
determine the current status of patients with prehospital
TCA managed by HEMS personnel in Japan and compare
the outcomes of patients who experienced TCA before
and after the arrival of HEMS.
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Authors: Surajit Bhattacharya, R. K. Mishra
This document comprehensively reviews pressure ulcers,
including their mechanism, symptoms, causes, severity,
diagnosis, prevention, and management. The article aims
to cover surgical and non-surgical treatment options,
focusing on current understandings and newer treatment
modalities. It also discusses the role of nutrition and
pressure-release devices in treating and preventing
pressure ulcers.
It must be noted that first aiders do not commonly
encounter this phenomenon due to the short time the
victims are under their responsibility. However, it could be
the case if, for various reasons, the victim is to be kept
some time on board.
This guidebook introduces the basic operations of the
Lucas chest compression system and provides guidelines
for conducting classroom and hands-on training
consistent with that provided by the manufacturer
(Stryker).
Authors: David Dayya, Owen J. O ’ Neil, Tracy D. Feiertag,
Ritzel Tuazon-Boer, John Sullivan, Lubiha Perez,
Sandrah Gurash, Matthew Eaton, Taylor Bodley,
Joanne Marker, Elizabeth Smykowski, T. Hall.
This study analyzes the effectiveness of using oxygen
hoods/helmets as a novel method of oxygen delivery for
COVID-19 patients to demonstrate that these devices can
improve oxygen saturation (SaO2), reduce the need for
mechanical ventilation (MV), lower mortality rates, and
shorten hospital stays for hypoxic COVID-19 patients who
do not respond well to conventional high-flow oxygen
delivery systems. The study provides statistical data from a
study comparing intervention and control groups to
support these claims.
Authors:
Abdelazeem M Algammal, Helal F Hetta, Amr Elkelish,
Dalal Hussien H Alkhalifah, Wael N Hozzein, Gaber El-
Saber Batiha, Nihal El Nahhas, Mahmoud A Mabrok
This document reviews Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), focusing on its
significance as a pathogen in humans and animals. It
discusses various aspects of MRSA, including its impact on
public health and veterinary medicine, the diseases it
causes in different species, methods for detecting
methicillin resistance, and the prevalence of MRSA in
specific regions like Egypt.
Authors: B. Jüttner, C. Wölfel, H. Liedtke, K. Meyne, H.
Werr, T. Bräuer, M. Kemmerer, G. Schmeißer, T.
Piepho, O. Müller, H. Schöppenthau
This document introduces updated guidelines for diving
accidents published by the German Society for Diving and
Hyperbaric Medicine (GTÜM) and the Swiss Underwater
and Hyperbaric Medical Society (SUHMS). It details the
collaborative effort among various medical and diving
organizations to develop these guidelines, which provide
evidence-based instructions for first aid and medical
treatment of diving accidents. It also emphasizes the
importance of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and
suggests a nationwide register for quality management in
hyperbaric therapy.
Authors: Under the US Secretary of Defense for Personnel
and Readiness
This document provides detailed guidelines and
procedures for treating and managing decompression
sickness (DCS) using hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It outlines
specific protocols for oxygen administration,
decompression procedures, and emergency preparedness
in various scenarios related to diving and using a capsule
to ensure safety and effective treatment for divers
experiencing DCS. It emphasizes the importance of
maintaining proper oxygen levels and preparing
equipment for immediate use.
27 - Outpatient management of primary spontaneous
pneumothorax
Author:
Stephane Jouneau, Constance Vuillard, Alexandre Sale,
Yann Bazin, Laurent Sohier, Mallorie Kerjouan, Jean-
Damien Ricard, Jonathan Messika.
Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) is classified as primary if
it occurs without known respiratory disease (PSP) and
secondary if linked to such diseases. Managing PSP aims
to fix the issue and reduce reoccurrence rates, which can
be high. Treatment often involves hospitalization and
chest-tube drainage, but some prefer outpatient care like
simple observation or needle aspiration. This review
focuses on safe outpatient management and necessary
interventions. It also discusses the reluctance of physicians
towards outpatient care due to legal concerns and
established practices.
Authors: Ewelina Salwin, & Agnieszka Zajac
The article delves into the pervasive role of pain in sports
across various disciplines, emphasizing that pain is both an
integral and informative component of athletic
experiences. It discusses the sociological aspects regarding
the expectations from athletes to endure pain during
competition, highlighting that despite the societal
perception of pain being negative, it can also signal
physical limitations and potential injuries. Furthermore, it
explores competitors’ coping strategies and mental
techniques employed by athletes to enhance their pain
tolerance, illustrating the complex nature of pain in sports.
Authors: Abdullah E. Kattan, Feras AlShomer, Abdulaziz K.
Alhujayri, Abdullah Addar, and Albaraa Aljerian
The article presents the findings of an internet-based
survey conducted to evaluate the knowledge and
practices regarding first aid for burn injuries among Saudi
adults. Out of 2758 respondents, a significant portion
reported having prior knowledge of burn first aid;
however, the implementation of proper techniques was
lacking. The study reveals a reliance on traditional
remedies, particularly among the younger population and
females, while emphasizing the need for clearer guidelines
and education from healthcare agencies to improve initial
burn treatment practices.
Authors: Hakon Kvale Bakke, Tine Steinvik, Johan Angell,
and Torben Wisborg
This study examines the prevalence and distribution of first
aid training among the Norwegian population, focusing
on the necessity of first aid skills, self-reported helping
behaviors, and theoretical knowledge of first aid. A survey
of 1,000 respondents found that while a significant
majority had received first aid training, actual theoretical
knowledge and performance in hypothetical scenarios
were lower than expected. The findings highlight the
importance of first aid education in improving survival
outcomes in emergency situations.
Publisher: AHA/ASA - Chaired by Eunice M. Singletary
This publication outlines the key findings and evidence-
based recommendations from the International Liaison
Committee on Resuscitation’s 2020 consensus on first aid
science. It covers essential first aid methods including
glucose administration for hypoglycemia, cooling
techniques for heat-related illnesses, stroke recognition,
aspirin use for chest pain, and strategies for managing life-
threatening bleeding. Additional topics include the
management of joint injuries, avulsed teeth, and insights
from scoping reviews on concussion recognition and
other first aid issues. The document emphasizes the
certainty of evidence and identifies research gaps for
future exploration.
