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Implement Photogrammetry in Commercial Diving & ROV Operations: A Resource Guide (Page 1 of 3)

Photogrammetry is the science and technique of obtaining reliable measurements and three-dimensional information about physical objects and environments by compiling and analyzing multiple photographs or digital images. This process creates detailed 3D models, maps, and digital representations that can be explored interactively and zoomed in to examine fine details from various perspectives. This is achieved by capturing multiple overlapping images of an object or scene from different angles, then analyzing them with software to identify common points and, using triangulation, calculate the precise positions of those points in 3D space. According to the paper "On Laussedat's contribution to the emergence of photogrammetry" by L. Polidori, the foundational principles of this technology trace back to the mid-19th century, when French inventor Aimé Laussedat developed a method for creating accurate topographic surveys he called "metrophotography," using photographic images and specialized instruments he devised, and German Albrecht Meydenbauer, who independently designed specialized cameras for measuring building facades from photos during the same period. The idea was then adopted by geologists and militaries who further developed it during the First and Second World Wars.

Albrecht Meydenbauer

Aimé Laussedat

Aerial camera developed for spot and mapping shots during the 1st World War.

Photogrammetry transitioned to software-assisted processes in the 1960s with analytical methods using computers for calculations, evolving into digital software by the 1980s-1990s that enabled automated 3D model generation from images. Underwater photogrammetry applies the principles outlined above and has proven effective for representing submerged objects, structures, or seafloor terrain that cannot be fully seen, since many targets lie in darkness, and photographing underwater is challenged by environmental constraints such as reduced visibility compared to air, light absorption and scattering, refraction phenomena, turbidity, and the need to protect cameras in specific housings, which compromise their performance compared to air conditions. The slideshow below, from a publicly released video by LA Survey AB, a company founded by Linus Andersson and headquartered at Skogsviksvägen 52B, 423 61 Torslanda, Västra Götaland, Sweden (contact: linus@la-survey.se - https://www.linkedin.com/company/la-survey-ab/), shows the advantages this technology offers. (Please click the picture to view the slideshow).

While archeologists commonly use this technology, it is still underappreciated by most commercial diving and ROV companies, despite its advantages, and that most companies possess the equipment (high-resolution cameras, observation ROV, efficient deployment systems, etc.), in addition to personnel accustomed to performing inspections, to implement this technology quickly and successfully. The only challenges are acquiring computers and software, and adequately training the diving and ROV teams planned to be involved. So, it could be implemented by following a road map, such as the one below: - Identify when this technology can be used. - Identify the equipment needed. - Identify the required training. - Elaborate operating procedures. - Implement the commercial approach. As with the previous articles in this section, this presentation does not provide implementation guidelines for this technology. Instead, it offers resources and directories to help readers evaluate the technology's advantages and potential markets, identify appropriate software, and locate training providers. In other words: - Articles and studies by system designers and users. - A list of relevant digital applications. - A directory of institutions providing training. - A list of websites promoting photogrammetry. - Videos and animations, including process presentations, project showcases, and online courses. Note that equipment such as cameras and ROVs is not covered here for the reasons mentioned above.

While literature on photogrammetry was long kept confidential by militaries and a few organizations, it began to grow exponentially with the development of digital cameras, personal computers, and software based on general-purpose operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), making this technology accessible at reasonable costs. The articles below belong to categories such as archeology, environmental studies, visual inspection, and mapping. However, because the implementation procedure is similar across work categories, they have been classified chronologically from 2015 to the end of 2025.

01 - On the Accuracy Potential in Underwater/Multimedia Photogrammetry - Published by MDPI

Author: Hans-Gerd Maas This study explores the challenges of applying photogrammetry underwater, particularly dealing with the refraction of optical rays. It presents a geometric model designed to manage refraction effects, which can integrate into existing photogrammetric tools for improving measurement accuracy. It also discusses various factors affecting geometric accuracy in underwater photogrammetry, highlighting significant performance degradation due to refractive index variations and other optical phenomena

02 - Underwater Photogrammetry and 3D Reconstruction of Submerged Objects in Shallow Environments by ROV and Underwater GPS - Published by the Journal of marine science research & technology - Springer

Authors: Jonathan Teague, and Thomas B. Scott This article discusses the emergence of underwater 3D reconstruction techniques, particularly underwater photogrammetry, as a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods like Lidar and Sonar. Utilizing affordable off-the-shelf digital cameras and software, this technique proves advantageous in shallow water settings. The article further explores the use of low-cost remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) for conducting underwater surveys, highlighting their speed and stability over diver-based methods.

Articles and studies by system designers and users

03 - Photogrammetry under water: A tutorial for the first steps in underwater-photogrammetry (version: 5.0) - Published by Stichting Maritiem Onderzoek Nederland

Author: Hans van der Weide This manual serves as a foundational guide for individuals interested in underwater photogrammetry, highlighting its novelty and the author’s personal journey of discovery and experimentation in the field. The author aims to share insights gained from practical experiences to assist newcomers by preventing common mistakes. The tutorial aspires to be a collaborative resource, welcoming user feedback and updates to enhance its utility for all.

04 - Georeferenced underwater photogammetry to map marine habitats and submeged artificial structures - Published by the Photogrammetric Record / Wiley Online

Authors: Arnaud Abadie, Pierre Boissery, Christophe Viala This article discusses recent advancements in underwater photogrammetry, focusing on two innovative methods that enhance geographic referencing through underwater photography. The first method integrates scuba diving with data from a multibeam echo sounder, while the second employs a surface floating device for direct positioning. The study concludes that the floating platform method offers greater mapping efficiency despite limitations related to depth and visibility. These advancements are poised to significantly benefit marine conservation efforts, particularly in monitoring seagrass meadows and artificial underwater structures.

05 - Interpreting the Significance of Underwater Archaeological Photogrammetry - Published by the Honor Frost Foundation

Author: Persefoni Lesgidi This article examines the role and effectiveness of photogrammetry as a documentation method in cultural heritage, specifically focusing on underwater applications. By analyzing various articles and interactive platforms, it highlights a case study of the Mazotos shipwreck to explore how archaeologists utilize photogrammetry underwater and underscores its significance in maritime archaeology. Additionally, the article discusses the challenges faced in underwater photogrammetry and proposes potential solutions to address these limitations.

06 - Understanding underwater photogrammetry for maritime archaeology through immersive virtual reality - Published by The International Archives of the Photogrammetry

Authors: M. Dolezal, M. Vlachos, M. Secci, S. Demesticha, D. Skarlatos, F. Liarokapis This article explores the challenges and advancements in underwater archaeology, particularly the use of photogrammetry as a valuable tool for documenting archaeological sites. It highlights the difficulties of working underwater, the importance of proper preparation for divers, and the development of educational software using immersive virtual reality to teach maritime archaeology students about photogrammetric techniques. A user study evaluating the software indicates its effectiveness in aiding understanding of underwater photogrammetry basics.

07 - Impact of Stereo Camera Calibration to Object Accuracy in Multimedia Photogrammetry - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Oliver Kahmen, Robin Rofallski, and Thomas Luhmann The article examines the calibration strategies for planar bundle-invariant interfaces in multimedia photogrammetry, focusing on the effects of implicit modeling of refractive interfaces during bundle adjustment. By simulating error-free datasets, the research investigates how interior, exterior, and relative orientation parameters are influenced by these methods. Findings indicate significant systematic effects under varying conditions, emphasizing that implicit modeling may lead to geometrical and positioning errors. The study advocates for explicit modeling of refractive interfaces to enhance calibration accuracy, supported by both synthetic data analysis and real experimental results.

08 - Underwater Photogrammetry Application for Coral Reef Mapping and Monitoring - Published by the International Journal on advanced science Engineering information technology

Authors: Agung Budi Cahyono, Andreas Catur Wibisono, Dian Saptarini, Rizki Indra Permadi, Yanto Budisusanto, Husnul Hidayat This article presents a detailed exploration of underwater mapping techniques, focusing on underwater photogrammetry as a modern method for mapping coral reefs. It discusses the use of a waterproof sport-fisheye camera to capture images for 3D reconstruction, highlighting the process from data acquisition to the production of high-resolution coral reef photo maps. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using non-metric cameras and the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm, with specific parameters and results provided from the research conducted on a designated coral reef area.

09 - Underwater Survey for Oil and Gas Industry: A Review of Close Range Optical Methods - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Bertrand Chemisky, Fabio Menna, Erica Nocerino, and Pierre Drap This paper discusses the growing demand for high- resolution cartographic data in industrial and scientific fields, particularly for managing aging offshore subsea assets. It highlights the importance of inspection, maintenance, and repair (IMR) in ensuring the longevity and integrity of subsea structures. The review focuses on optical sensor technologies, assessing their maturity, cost- effectiveness, and implementation ease, as well as addressing challenges related to data qualification and limitations. It further explores the potential of integrating acoustic and optical technologies to enhance performance under low visibility conditions in underwater mapping tasks.

10 - Underwater photogrammetry as an environmental assessment tool to monitor coral reefs and artificial structures - Published by Offshore Technology Conference

Authors: Vincent Mahamadaly, Isabel Urbina Barreto, Louis Fréchon, Romain Pinel, Rémi Garnier, Kenneth Deslarzes This article discusses the significant growth of photogrammetry over the past decade, particularly emphasizing its application in underwater environments for environmental monitoring, marine construction, technical inspection, and archaeology. The study aims to establish new underwater acquisition protocols and tools for surveying marine resources, highlighting the importance of 3D characteristics in various underwater structures, specifically coral reefs and artificial constructions.

11 - Underwater Photogrammetry Captures the Initial Recovery of a Coral Reef at Lalo Atoll - Published by MDPI - Diversity

Authors: Atsuko Fukunaga, Kailey H. Pascoe, Ashley R. Pugh, Randall K. Kosaki, and John H. R. Burns This document examines the recovery of a coral reef at Lalo Atoll, which was devastated by Hurricane Walaka in 2018. Utilizing underwater photogrammetry, researchers assessed the benthic cover and confirmed the colonization of coral, macroalgae, and sponges. Despite the reef being predominantly covered in rubble and sand, the return of 35 reef fish species indicates positive ecological signs. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring to determine whether the reef will revert to its original state dominated by Acropora coral or develop a new coral composition.

12 - Editorial for Special Issue: Recent Developments in Multi-Media and Underwater Photogrammetry - Published by Springer nature

Authors: Hans-Gerd Maas, & Thomas Luhmann This paper discusses the advances and challenges of three-dimensional reconstruction using 3D imaging methods like photogrammetry, computer vision, and laser scanning, particularly in underwater environments. It introduces the term multi-media photogrammetry in the context of the optical complexities of water and highlights new developments in sensor technologies, autonomous systems, and machine learning. The article presents a collection of contributions from experts addressing novel sensor concepts, geometric modeling, and object reconstruction, further enhancing the 2021 PFG special issue on related technologies.

13 - Underwater 3D Scanning System for Cultural Heritage Documentation - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Christian Bräuer-Burchardt, Christoph Munkelt, Michael Bleier, Matthias Heinze, Ingo Gebhart, Peter Kühmstedt, and Gunther Notni This article presents a novel 3D scanning system utilizing structured illumination for the documentation of underwater archaeological sites and shipwrecks. The system, comprised of various components including monochrome cameras and a projection unit, is designed to facilitate accurate measurement and cultural heritage documentation in underwater settings. The advantages and limits of the new scanning technique are evaluated against traditional methods like laser scanning and photogrammetry. The article includes detailed discussions on practical applications, operational scenarios, and the measurement accuracy observed in real-world underwater environments.

14 - Using UAVs and Photogrammetry in Bathymetric Surveys in Shallow Waters - Published by MDPI - Applied Sciences

Authors: Alexandre Almeida Del Savio, Ana Luna Torres, Monica Alejandra Vergara Olivera, Sara Rocio Llimpe Rojas, , Gianella Tania Urday Ibarra, and Alcindo Neckel This article discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and photogrammetry for conducting bathymetric surveys with enhanced safety, cost-effectiveness, and accuracy. The study evaluates error levels during UAV flights over controlled water bodies at varying depths, analyzing how turbidity and luminosity influences the accuracy of these measurements. Key findings indicate that higher luminosity correlates with lower errors up to a depth of 0.97 m, while the effect of turbidity on error rates varies based on depth, suggesting practical applications for UAV-based photogrammetry in shallow waters.

15 - Photogrammetry, from the Land to the Sea and Beyond: A Unifying Approach to Study Terrestrial and Marine Environments - Published by MDPI - Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Authors: Torcuato Pulido Mantas, Camilla Roveta, Barbara Calcinai, Cristina Gioia di Camillo, Chiara Gambardella, Chiara Gregorin, Martina Coppari, Teo Marrocco, Stefania Puce, Agnese Riccardi, and Carlo Cerrano This article chronicles the evolution of photogrammetry, particularly focusing on the structure from motion (SfM) technique that has gained popularity due to technological advances over two decades. It highlights the transition of this methodology from terrestrial settings to underground and underwater surveys, noting that recent affordable imaging systems have democratized access to these techniques across various research fields

16 - Assessing Seagrass Restoration Actions through a Micro-Bathymetry Survey Approach (Italy, Mediterranean Sea) - Published by MDPI - Water

Authors: Sante Francesco Rende, Alessandro Bosman, Fabio Menna, Antonio Lagudi, Fabio Bruno, Umberto Severino, Monica Montefalcone, Andrew D. Irving, Vincenzo Raimondi, Sebastiano Calvo, Gerard Pergent, Christine Pergent-Martini, and Agostino Tomasello This article discusses the application of underwater photogrammetry as a method to generate high-resolution products, such as dense point clouds, 3D models, and orthomosaics, essential for monitoring benthic communities like seagrass beds. The study specifically examines the efficacy of a photogrammetric approach in assessing the restoration of Posidonia oceanica, addressing the challenges of accuracy in 3D models for surface and volume estimations.

18 - Comparison between the Employment of a Multibeam Echosounder on an Unmanned Surface Vehicle and Traditional Photogrammetry as Techniques for Documentation and Monitoring of Shallow-Water Cultural Heritage Sites: A Case Study in the Bay of Algeciras - Published by MDPI - Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Authors: Soledad Solana Rubio, Alberto Salas Romero, Felipe Cerezo Andreo, Raúl González Gallero, Juan Rengel, Luis Rioja, Joaquín Callejo, and Manuel Bethencourt The article discusses the urgent need to document submerged cultural heritage in the Bay of Algeciras, highlighting the risks posed by climatic and environmental factors. It examines two different techniques: photogrammetry and multibeam echosounding, used to document a shipwreck, concluding that while each method serves distinct purposes, their combination enhances the accuracy of conservation and management efforts.

17 - An Enhanced Photogrammetric Approach for the Underwater Surveying of the Posidonia Meadow Structure in the Spiaggia Nera Area of Maratea - Published by MDPI - Imaging

Authors: Francesca Russo, Silvio Del Pizzo, Fabiana Di Ciaccio, and Salvatore Troisi This paper discusses the significance of Posidonia oceanica meadows as indicators of marine ecosystem health and their role in coastal conservation. It outlines a methodology for their effective monitoring and mapping through underwater photogrammetry. The study emphasizes the impact of environmental factors on image quality and introduces two algorithms to enhance image processing. This approach facilitates the creation of a 3D point cloud that allows for improved categorization and assessment of Posidonia coverage across larger areas.

19 - Quantifying the Loss of Coral from a Bleaching Event Using Underwater Photogrammetry and AI-Assisted Image Segmentation - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Kai L. Kopecky, Gaia Pavoni, Erica Nocerino, Andrew J. Brooks, Massimiliano Corsini, Fabio Menna, Jordan P. Gallagher, Alessandro Capra, Cristina Castagnetti, Paolo Rossi, Armin Gruen, Fabian Neyer, Alessandro Muntoni, Federico Ponchio, Paolo Cignoni, Matthias Troyer, Sally J. Holbrook, and Russell J. Schmitt This article discusses the integration of underwater photogrammetry and artificial intelligence (AI) to assess the effects of coral bleaching on tropical reefs. By combining a detailed photogrammetric survey with AI- assisted image segmentation, researchers were able to analyze significant changes in coral communities both spatially and in detail.

20 - Quick bathymetry mapping of a Roman archaeological site using RTK UAS-based photogrammetry - Published by Frontiers

Authors: Davide Mazza, Luigi Parente, Daniele Cifaldi, Agostino Meo, Maria Rosaria Senatore, Francesco Maria Guadagno, and Paola Revellino This article discusses the use of drone-based Structure- from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry in geoscientific research, particularly for surveying underwater archaeological sites. Conducted as part of the GeoArchaeo Sites Project, the study compares the performance of two drones, the Phantom 4 RTK and the budget-friendly Mavic Mini 2, alongside an underwater camera, to assess their ability to produce high-resolution topographic models and bathymetric data in shallow waters. The findings highlight the potential of these technologies to effectively define submerged topography

21 - Workshop on 3D mapping of habitats and biological communities with underwater photogrammetry - Published by Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO)

Authors: Loïc Van Audenhaege, Vincent Mahamadaly, David Price, Alexandre Sneessens, Hayley C. Cawthra, Clément Delamare, Valentin Danet, Simon Delsol, Rodolphe Devillers, Iason-Zois Gazis, Isabel Urbina-Barreto This paper discusses the growing use of photogrammetry for monitoring underwater structures and its development as a data collection method in aquatic environments. It highlights a workshop organized at the annual GeoHab conference aimed at addressing the audience’s lack of knowledge in photogrammetry. The workshop included theoretical concepts, sampling designs, practical case studies, and hands-on training in data acquisition and processing.

22 - Low-Tech and Low-Cost System for High-Resolution Underwater RTK Photogrammetry in Coastal Shallow Waters - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Marion Jaud, Simon Delsol, Isabel Urbina-Barreto , Emmanuel Augereau, Emmanuel Cordier, François Guilhaumon, Nicolas Le Dantec, France Floc’h, and Christophe Delacourt This study presents a novel, low-cost system named POSEIDON, which utilizes Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to create high-resolution 3D models of the seabed. With a cost of approximately USD 1500, this adaptable prototype includes floating support, imagery sensors, and a precise positioning system. Validation of POSEIDON’s methodology reveals a mean deviation of 5.2 cm compared to traditional terrestrial surveys, highlighting its potential applications in various scientific and technical fields.

23 - Potentialities of the combined use of underwater fluorescence imagery and photogrammetry for the detection of fi ne-scale changes in marine bioconstructors - Published by Frontiers

Authors: Cristina Castagnetti, Paolo Rossi, Sara Righi, Stefano Cattini, Roberto Simonini, Luigi Rovati, and Alessandro Capra This paper explores the principles and methodologies of underwater photogrammetry, highlighting its applications, particularly in geological and ecological contexts. It emphasizes the significance of recent technological advancements, especially in drone-based Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, for creating detailed 3D models and conducting effective underwater surveying. The study evaluates the performance of different drones and an underwater camera for capturing high-resolution data in shallow waters, demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of these methods in various underwater environments.

24 - Underwater Cultural Heritage Documentation Using Photogrammetry - Published by MDPI - Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Authors: Alessio Calantropio, and Filiberto Chiabrando This article discusses the importance of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as an invaluable resource that necessitates careful documentation and preservation. It emphasizes the role of modern technologies, particularly underwater photogrammetry, in producing high- resolution models and monitoring the condition of UCH. However, the article also highlights the various challenges faced by these documentation techniques due to environmental factors and optical properties of water, while reviewing recent advancements and identifying gaps in current methodologies.

25 - Recording the SS Thistlegorm: Rapid Multi-Image Underwater Photogrammetric Survey of a Large Second World War Wreck - Published by MDPI - Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Authors: Simon Brown, and Jon C. Henderson This paper outlines a methodical approach to surveying and monitoring the SS Thistlegorm, a significant metal wreck in the Red Sea, using digital photogrammetry with a straightforward single-camera setup. The study emphasizes a cost-effective and replicable means for change monitoring in shipwrecks that complies with professional standards and invites participation from non-specialists in data collection. Key components include an in-depth description of the SS Thistlegorm, equipment utilized, surveys performed in 2017 and 2022, the necessity of an organized data management system, accuracy testing of collected data, and a detailed post- processing workflow.

26 - Georeferencing Strategies in Very Shallow Waters: A Novel GCPs Survey Approach for UCH Photogrammetric Documentation - Published by DPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Alessio Calantropio, and Filiberto Chiabrando This article discusses the growing interest in high- resolution monitoring of underwater assets due to demands for accuracy in surveying archaeological and cultural heritage. It highlights the challenges of achieving precise positioning and georeferencing underwater compared to terrestrial methods. The paper explores the use of innovative techniques and prototypes, including a plastic marker and aluminum pole, designed for topographic surveys in shallow waters. These prototypes are coupled with a tilt-compensating smart antenna to enhance measurement accuracy and independence from shore-based equipment.

27 - Quantitative Evaluation of Color Enhancement Methods for Underwater Photogrammetry in Very Shallow Water: a Case Study - Published by The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Authors: Alessio Calantropio, Filiberto Chiabrando, Fabio Menna, Erica Nocerino This document explores the challenges of achieving accurate color representation in underwater photogrammetry due to factors like chromatic aberration and light scattering. It evaluates various color enhancement methods, including gray-world assumption techniques, physical light property considerations, and artificial intelligence approaches, and applies these methods to images of a Roman shipwreck situated in the Porto Cesareo Marine Protected Area, providing a comparative analysis of their effectiveness in restoring natural colors and enhancing image clarity.

28 - POSER: an open source Simulation platform for teaching and training underwater photogrammetry - Published by The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Authors: Fabio Menna, Scott McAvoy, Erica Nocerino, Beatrice Tanduo, Louise Giuseffi, Alessio Calantropio, Filiberto Chiabrando, Lorenzo Teppati Lose, Andrea Maria Lingua, Stuart Sandin, Clint Edwards, Brian Zgliczynski, Dominique Rissolo, Falko Kuester This paper discusses the challenges of underwater photogrammetry and the need for proper training for underwater surveying professionals. It introduces POSER, a 3D simulation framework built on Blender (open source freeware), aimed at educating users about underwater imaging principles. The framework incorporates realistic water physics to enhance learning experiences through practical scenarios relevant to various fields, including marine ecology, archaeology, and subsea metrology.

29 - Photogrammetry of the Deep Seafloor from Archived Unmanned Submersible Exploration Dives - Published by MDPI - Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Authors: Claudia H. Flores, and Uri S. ten Brink This article presents a workflow for utilizing modern photogrammetry techniques to construct extensive virtual geological outcrops from archived video images collected at deep-sea depths (over 1000 meters). Traditionally, the analysis of these images has required significant effort for individual reviews or small mosaics. The proposed workflow addresses the challenges of non-linear submersible paths, poor navigation, variable lighting, and camera orientation, enabling quantitative measurements that were previously unattainable. This method offers a cost-effective means to analyze deep-sea geological environments through existing video data, especially when integrated with rock sample analysis

30 - Underwater photogrammetry - Published by IOP publishing

Authors: Veselina Gospodinova & Alexander Kirov This paper examines underwater photogrammetry, detailing its nature, principles, and methodologies for data capture and processing. It provides a current snapshot of its applications, including how divers and researchers can leverage this technology to enhance their professional skills and contribute valuable data to various scientific fields. Additionally, it discusses the potential benefits for recreational divers, professional divers, diving instructors, and diving associations in adopting and promoting underwater photogrammetry.

31 - A Novel Platform and Workflow for Underwater Photogrammetry Surveys - Published by The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Authors: Alaa Mufti, Petra Helmholz, David Belton, Amir Allahvirdi-Zadeh, and Iain Parnum This article extensively outlines the advantages of underwater photogrammetry over traditional echosounder surveys, particularly in terms of cost- effectiveness and data richness. The study highlights the critical roles played by various sensors in ensuring accuracy and quality while emphasizing the essential need for reliable camera calibration in achieving precise 3D reconstructions. Overall, the research sets a promising precedent for future innovations in marine mapping, showcasing the potential for improved practices derived from emerging technologies and methodologies.

32 - Bridging Disciplines with Photogrammetry: A Coastal Exploration Approach for 3D Mapping and Underwater Positioning - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Ali Alakbar Karaki, Ilaria Ferrando, Bianca Federici, and Domenico Sguerso This study discusses a novel methodology designed to improve the accuracy of positioning underwater habitats and understanding the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic environments. By integrating UAV photogrammetry and snorkeler-based underwater photogrammetry, this approach utilizes image processing tools to identify snorkeler positions instead of relying on GNSS. The result is a georeferenced 3D model that effectively combines land and underwater elements, providing a valuable resource for coastal management and enhancing coastal resilience.

33 - Enhancing Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Through Intelligent Colormap Selection - Published by MDPI - sensors

Authors: Alexandros Vrochidis, Dimitrios Tzovaras, and Stelios Krinidis This article presents a novel photogrammetry method that significantly improves three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions by enhancing image quality using RGB stretching, Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), and optimized colormaps. The methodology increases the number of keypoints and matches between images, resulting in improved reconstruction accuracy. A heuristic approach is introduced to identify optimal colormaps, facilitating time- saving recommendations for various datasets. The algorithm is validated using a new dataset of underwater cultural heritage images, particularly in challenging low- visibility environments.

34 - Spatial Variation in Coral Diversity and Reef Complexity in the Galápagos: Insights from Underwater photogrammetry and New Data Extraction Methods - Published by MDPI - Remote sensing

Authors: Matan Yuval, Franklin Teran, Wilson Iniguez, William Bensted-Smith, and Inti Keith This article explores the diverse coral reef configurations in the Galápagos Islands and highlights the impact of disturbances such as El Niño and mass bleaching on these ecosystems. Traditional ecological methods have struggled to adequately capture coral demographic trends over large areas, which is why the study employs advanced photogrammetry techniques for underwater surveys. By developing new methods for 3D annotation and fractal dimension calculation, the researchers were able to reveal important variations in coral cover, diversity, and structural complexity. Their findings contribute valuable data to a new dataset, Galápagos_3D, that aims to support long-term monitoring and conservation efforts.

35 - Underwater Heritage documentation using photogrammetry: the CRAB system - Published by the International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology

Authors: Beatrice Tanduo, Edward Borgogno, Filiberto Chiabrando, Francesca Gallitto, Stefania Manca, Paolo Maschio, Andrea Lingua This article discusses the challenges of documenting and preserving submerged cultural heritage due to environmental factors. It introduces the CRAB (Calibrated Rig for Aquatic photogrammetric Bicamera system), a sophisticated imaging system designed for high-resolution 3D reconstruction of underwater archaeological sites. Tested at a Roman shipwreck in Italy, CRAB utilizes synchronized high-resolution cameras and a structured image acquisition pattern, resulting in an effective method for underwater photogrammetry that enhances the documentation and conservation of submerged cultural assets.

36 - Multiscale structural complexity assessment of coral reefs using underwater photogrammetry - Published by Plos One

Authors: Erick Barrera-Falcón, Rodolfo Rioja-Nieto, Roberto C. Hernández-Landa This article explores the structural complexity of coral reefs, emphasizing the need to assess their condition, biodiversity, and resilience through advanced methods. It critiques traditional rugosity indices for neglecting the underlying features of reefs and presents a wavelet-based method utilizing digital underwater photogrammetry for comprehensive multiscale analysis. This method considers both surface and underlying coral characteristics, revealing significant insights into reef complexity and the predominance of certain coral types in driving structural diversity.

37 - Underwater Digital Twin of Yuba Island: Mapping a Large-Scale Marine Ecosystem through Photogrammetry and 3D Modeling - Published by the International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology

Author: Christoph Gerigk The project described in this paper aimed to construct a detailed digital twin of the underwater environment surrounding Yuba Island in the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, mimicking the diving experience through precise 3D mapping of both underwater and above-water landscapes. Completed in six months, the model includes accurately rendered textures and colors, with a depth accuracy of ±0.10 m. It encompasses a diverse marine ecosystem, documenting over 100 local fish species, and culminates in various digital deliverables, including VR experiences and software applications.

38 - Underwater Mapping in Shallow Coastal Waters Using MBES and Photogrammetry: Applications in Archaeology and Marine Habitat Monitoring - Published by the International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology

Authors: Saso Poglajen, & Mojca Poklar This study investigates the synergistic use of Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to enhance underwater mapping in shallow coastal environments, particularly within Slovenian waters. The research includes two case studies: mapping Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows and analyzing the submerged archaeological site of Fizine. The integration of MBES’s spatial precision with the visual detail provided by SfM improves habitat classification and documentation of underwater features by capturing both broad structures and intricate details.

39 - Application and Challenges of Photogrammetry in Underwater Excavations: Case Studies from the Jeju Sinchang-ri and Gunsan Seonyudo Sites, Korea - Published by the International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology

Author: Jeong Heon This paper explores the challenges and applications of photogrammetry in underwater archaeology, particularly in two sites in Korea: Jeju Sinchang-ri and Gunsan Seonyudo. At Sinchang-ri, conditions allowed for high- resolution site mapping using effective surveying methods, while at Seonyudo, issues like sedimentation forced the use of experimental techniques to capture stratigraphy and artifact mapping. The study emphasizes the necessity of adapting photogrammetric methods to varying underwater environments to enhance archaeological documentation.

40 - Bridging Photogrammetry and GIS Through Workflow Automation: A Scalable Approach for Spatially-Linked 3D Data in Underwater Cultural Heritage - Published by the International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology